Criminal Behavior Essay -- Biology, Ellis and Walsh

Many scholars have attempted to explain reprehensible conduct by identifying a familial trait or other biological causes or indicator for criminality (Cullen and Agnew, 2011). Ellis and Walsh (2011) argue that while there is not a single criminal behaviour heritable trait, there are genetic trait that are associated with crime. They further suggest that these traits might provide evolutionary advantages to their holders in some circumstances. For example, traits such as deception and cheating would likely be evolutionary advantageous to maximizing a males reproductive capabilities. Ellis and Walsh suggest that these traits might be genetically inherited. This theory of genetic influence does not however suggest that behaviours are genetically determined. Behaviours are still assumed to be learned, with specific genetic traits influencing this process (Ellis and Walsh, 2011).Rowe (2011) suggests a too biologically driven theory. He argues that through their impact upon the central and autonomic nervous systems, genetic traits and biological harms can influence personality traits including those which are associated with criminality. In support of this notion are studies that have linked levels of testosterone and aggressiveness, low heart rate and criminality, weak skin conductance and criminality, as well as brain scathe and lack of moral judgement (Rowe, 2011).Caspi, et al. (2011) present the theory that there are three super-traits which have various relationships with crime. The three super-traits they discuss are constraint, negative emotionalism and positive emotionality. They note that the constraint and negative emotionality super-traits are related to self-control and with it criminality. This suggests that some indi... ...larly intimates. Both the methods and attributes associated with the crime are suggested to be learned. Learning of criminal and anti-criminal behaviour is thought to be similar to learning of other behaviours and attitudes in which the learner assimilates into the culture they are surrounded by (Sutherland and Cressey, 2011). This theory is similar to the Shaw and Mckays comment for criminality, but also ventures into the methods by which the attitudes are actually developed. Andersons description of a culture of violence, that establishes a code of the street provides a vivid example of both(prenominal) the environmental conditions described by Shaw and Sutherland and Cressey as well as the learning processes described by Sutherland and Cressey. These clearly environmental and learned factors somewhat weaken the arguments of biological causes presented earlier..

Lily’s Reflections in Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse Essay

Lilys Reflections in Virginia Woolfs To the LighthouseEmbodying the spirit of the female artist, Lily Briscoe in To the Lighthouse examines critical issues pertaining to her component in Virginia Woolfs novel. In Part Three of the novel, Mrs. Ramsays legacy plays an especially important role in Lilys thinking processes. Flowing by experimentation like the sea that day, Lilys thoughts encompass the novels themes of the passage of time, the role of the woman, and the role of the artist. Though time can break down material matter, its prodding cannot disperse vivid memories. In the beginning of Part Three, Lily feels that Mrs. Ramsays death signals the deadening of emotions over time, for she can feel nothing, nothing nothing that she can distil at all (125). Lily feels that without Mrs. Ramsays art of bringing people together, everything becomes aimless, chaotic and unreal (126). Lily echoes Mr. Ramsays sentiments of having perished and wishes Mrs. Ramsay were in charge of the ho usehold again (126). Although Lily is a friend of the Ramsays, she is deeply affected by the unravelling of the Ramsays family manner and remarks, The empty places. Such were some of the parts, but how bring them together? (126). Lily is able to solve this predicament at the end of the story however, for the moment, she can only imagine Mrs. Ramsay saying life stand still here, for this is the older womans way of play a moment into something permanent (138). Later in her minds eye, Lily sees Mrs. Ramsay through Williams eyes and thinks beauty had this penalty it came too readily, came too completely. It stilled life froze it. One forgot the little agitations the flush, the pallor, some queer distortion, some light or s... ...izes it on the canvas. Lily is no longer a passive woman confused around her artistic abilities. Times passage is inevitable, but Lily learns that she can match wits with time by using her artistic talents. Mrs. Ramsay had shown Lily that tim e can be stopped with beauty, but Lily opts for a more realistic capture of time with artwork that transcends all ages. As a female artist, Lily dashes Mrs. Ramsays hopes as puff up as overcomes the societal expectations for her to become married. Not only does Lily redefines what it means to be a woman, she also renews the image of the artist. Intertwining her reflections on time, womanhood, and artistry, Lily emerges as a more board person in the end of Woolfs novel To the Lighthouse. Work CitedWoolf, Virginia, To the Lighthouse. Edited by Susan Dick. Oxford, United Kingdom Blackwell Publishers 1992.

Afghan Women and Their Horror Essay -- essays research papers

A womans life in Afghanistan is one of the most shocking and devastating truths. It wasnt until phratry 11th 2001 that the world awoke to the relevance of womens issues to international peace and security. However, its been two years since and the lives of Afghan women have improved only slightly. Harassment, violence, illiteracy, poverty and essential repression continue to characterize reality for many afghan women.Under the Taliban, ultraconservative Islamic ideas combined with misogynistic and patriarchal tribal culture resulted in numerous edicts aimed at the control and subjugation of Afghan women (Womenwarpeace.org). Women were denied all rights both civil and political. They were denied the right to free assembly, freedom of movement and the right to personal security.According to a butt 2003 International Crisis Group report, the civil war created by the Taliban produced 50,000 widows in Kabul alone. They were denied employment and as a result many had to result to beggi ng in order to provide for their families. Their economic burden continued to increased as they became responsible for their familys security and income, a situation complicated by the occurrence that women had limited economic and educational opportunities. It made women very vulnerable to exploitative situations such as prostitution, indentured servitude and drug trafficking to support themselves and their...

Making a Connection in Thos Pynchons The Crying of Lot 49 Essay

Making a Connection in The Crying of rope 49 For as long as I could read comprehensively, I find always believed that great writing centered around good written stories that would two provide a certain measure of unaffected pleasure, as well as challenge the readers perception of the world at large both within and outside of the sphere of its prose. Thomas Pynchons The Crying of Lot 49 encompasses both of those requirements by enfolding his readers, through a variety of means, within the intricate workings of his narrative. It centers around would be heroine Oedipa Maas, a practical but somewhat busy woman, whos life is turned upside down when she discovers that she has been made executor of the estate of old flame and entrepreneur Pierce Inverarity. When she is imposed upon to travel to the fictional city of San Narcisco, where Inverarity is give tongue to to have numerous real estate holdings, in order to carry out her task, Oedipa stumbles upon a muted stakes horn the first of many clues lead-in her deep into the impenetrable conspiracy surrounding Trystero, an underground postal system shrouded in mystery and intrigue opening her eyes to an alternative way of life. This post modern work of literature infuses dark humor and irony instigating a metamorphosis of intellectually challenging material subsequently luring us, his readers who have unknowingly call on a part of the conspiracy, into the methodical chaos of The Crying of Lot 49. Well known for incorporating the basic ideas of philosophy and physics into all of his writings, Pynchon states that the measure of the world is its reciprocal ohm (The Grim Phoenix, pg.2) an assertion that extends into the worlds he has created within th... ...te of the fact that this leger accomplished its task, which I am supposing was to challenge my perceptions and reawaken some innate sense of ego realization within me to borrow the words of another, after enduring the torture of Pynchons text for seven straight days my final assessment leads me to conclude that the covers of this book are too far apart. Sources Cited Plater, William M. The Grim Phoenix Reconstructing Thomas Pynchon. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1978 Tanner, Tony. Thomas Pynchon. London Metheun, 1982. Sources Consulted Johnstone, John. Toward the Schizo-Text Paranoia as Semiotic Regime in The Crying of Lot 49. New Essays on The Crying of Lot 49. Ed., Patrick ODonnell. Cambridge UP, 1991. 47-78. ODonnell, Patrick. Ed., New Essays on The Crying of Lot 49.. Cambridge UP, 1991.

Deepak Chopra Essay -- Biographies Papers

Deepak ChopraOur Real SelfJust by being ourselveswe are borne toward a dowryfar beyond anything we could imagine.It is enough to know that the beingI nourish inside meis the same as the Beingthat suffuses every atom of the cosmos.When the two take in each other as equals they will be equal,because then the same forcethat controls the galaxieswill be upholding my individual existenceDeepak Chopra Deepak Chopra was born in Poona India in 1947. He was the eldest son of Krishan Chopra, a prominent cardiologist. With his father being a doctor, Deepak Chopra was raised in the tradition of Western Medicine. His father considered the traditional ideas of Ayurveda to be pointless rituals and did not believe in raising his family in these ancient Hindu beliefs. Chopra wrote in his autobiography, My father proudly practiced Western medicine and looked at his accomplishments as a personal triumph. He had every reason to think that modern India would be well off without the ign orant old ways. Ayurveda, being pseudoscientific to Western eyes, could join the other castoffs. It never occurred to me or my father that Ayurveda might be something great. (Chopra 23) As a child Deepaks father strongly pushed him towards pursue a medical career. However, Deepak rejected his fathers urgings completely, wanting nothing to do with the field of medicine. He was more interested in soccer and cricket and saw himself becoming a journalist. Yet, as he reached adolescence his views began to change. At age sixteen, Deepak read Sinclair Lewiss novel, Arrowsmith, which suddenly sparked in him a desire to follow in his fathers footsteps. He writes, These words thrilled me. It had what... ...flin CompanyGardner, H. (1993). Creating Minds. New York Harper CollinsWeb LinksBarker, Jason. (2000) Deepak Chopra. http//www.watchman.org/profile/choprapro.htmBarrett, Stephen, M.D. A Few Thoughts on Ayuvedic Mumbo-Jumbo. http//www.quackwatch.com/04consumerEducation/chopra.h tmlCarroll, Robert Todd. Ayurvedic Medicine and Deepak Chopra. http//www.skepdic.com/ayurvedic.htmlHay, Veronica M. Deepak Chopra M.D. http//www.intouchmag.com/chopra.htmlhttp//www.howtoknowgod.com/about/author.aspRoderick, Daffyd, (2000) Hail Emperor. TIMEasia http//www.time.com/time/asia/features/interviews/int.chopra.htmlScheinin, Richard (2001) Deepak Looks Deeperhttp//www.chopra.com/article.asp?program=general&id=7Wheeler, Thomas, M.D.Deepak Chopra and Maharishi Ayurvedic Medicine. http//www.trancenet.org/chopra/news/ncahf.shtml

Deepak Chopra Essay -- Biographies Papers

Deepak ChopraOur Real SelfJust by being ourselveswe are borne toward a destinyfar beyond anything we could imagine.It is enough to know that the beingI nourish inside meis the same as the Beingthat suffuses every atom of the cosmos.When the two see each new(prenominal) as equals they will be equal,because then the same forcethat controls the galaxieswill be upholding my individual existenceDeepak Chopra Deepak Chopra was born in Poona India in 1947. He was the eldest son of Krishan Chopra, a prominent cardiologist. With his father being a doctor, Deepak Chopra was raised in the tradition of Western Medicine. His father considered the traditional ideas of Ayurveda to be pointless rituals and did not believe in raising his family in these ancient Hindu beliefs. Chopra wrote in his autobiography, My father proudly practiced Western medicine and looked at his accomplishments as a personal triumph. He had every reason to think that modern India would be well off without the ignorant old ways. Ayurveda, being unscientific to Western eyes, could pith the other castoffs. It never occurred to me or my father that Ayurveda might be something great. (Chopra 23) As a child Deepaks father strongly pushed him towards pursuing a checkup career. However, Deepak rejected his fathers urgings completely, wanting nothing to do with the field of medicine. He was more interested in soccer and cricket and saw himself go a journalist. Yet, as he reached adolescence his views began to change. At age sixteen, Deepak read Sinclair Lewiss novel, Arrowsmith, which suddenly sparked in him a desire to follow in his fathers footsteps. He writes, These words thrilled me. It had what... ...flin CompanyGardner, H. (1993). Creating Minds. New York Harper CollinsWeb LinksBarker, Jason. (2000) Deepak Chopra. http//www.watchman.org/profile/choprapro.htmBarrett, Stephen, M.D. A Few Thoughts on Ayuvedic Mumbo-Jumbo. http//www.quackwatch.com/04consumerEducation/chopra. htmlCarroll, Robert Todd. Ayurvedic Medicine and Deepak Chopra. http//www.skepdic.com/ayurvedic.htmlHay, veronica M. Deepak Chopra M.D. http//www.intouchmag.com/chopra.htmlhttp//www.howtoknowgod.com/about/author.aspRoderick, Daffyd, (2000) Hail Emperor. TIMEasia http//www.time.com/time/asia/features/interviews/int.chopra.htmlScheinin, Richard (2001) Deepak Looks Deeperhttp//www.chopra.com/article.asp?program=general&id=7Wheeler, Thomas, M.D.Deepak Chopra and Maharishi Ayurvedic Medicine. http//www.trancenet.org/chopra/news/ncahf.shtml

Africanisation of south African Ratiling Essay

The foreignisation of retail businesses has become a global phenomenon as retailers well-nigh the world expand their operations beyond national b influences. This phenomenon has attracted umpteen academic attention. In Africa, sulfur Africa appears to be more advanced in this regard, with Shoprite at the oral sex of the Africanisation of s give a managementhbound African retailers. A review of Shoprites expanding upon into the continent results in two propositions and nearly challenges that affect this process.The ampler substance of the propositions is further examined by a study of anformer(a)(prenominal) south African retailers expanding into Africa. The review finds that although there atomic number 18 opportunities for retailers in African countries, there be also significant challenges that can waste the opportunities.Most importantly, the chosen mode of entranceway into African countries plays a significant role in the overall multinationalisation process and s hould be a firsthand concern of counsel teams considering making such a move, and it is established that the mode of entry comprises at least five argonas of critical decision making. Key course Africanisation, retailing, international retailing, southmost African retailing, African market places, mode of entry, ICTs, international business.INTRODUCTIONSince 1994, South Africa has moved to become part ofthe African continent, even to the point that it demonstrable1and champi wholenessd an African order of business . This move openedup opportunities for South African businesses at heart thecontinent. In this regard, spark advance South African retailers(including Shoprite, Woolworths, Massmart, Truworths) possess already invested in, and at once operate in diverseAfrican countries. In the past decade, the continent hasalso seen shop centres and malls built in well-nighAfrican cities, some of which atomic number 18 also South Africaninvestments (Miller, 2006). There is qu iet huge potential for all kinds of South African businesses to expand within thecontinent, and there are benefits for all concerned.Already the six primary spheres of the South Africaneconomy mining, retail, construction and manufacturing,financial services, telecommunications, and leisure and*Corresponding author. E-mail naadakoragmail.com.1African agenda in this case refers to former president Mbeki s vision of an African renaissance, and the establishment of the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD).tourism, are in one way or an overbold(prenominal) investing in thecontinent (Daniel et al., 2003). Furthermore, thecompletion of the SEACOMs East African submarinecable and the up coming westerly African cable system thatwill provide fibre optic connection from Africa to the restof the world will open more business opportunities on thecontinent. It is, therefore, not surprising to see anincreasing number of South African retail companiesexpanding into the rest of the con tinent to seek ontogenesisand explore new strategic opportunities.The Shoprite Group operates its have got stores in 15African countries outside South Africa, including Angola,Botswana, Ghana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius,Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Swaziland, Tanzania,Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe (Shoprite, 2008). Thegroups operations have been primarily successful inmost of these countries and in some cases income hasexceeded their projections and expectations. This exerciseance has trigge deprivation numerous growth and involution plans for most of the countries listed above.For example, with the opening of one supermarket inAccra, Ghana (in November, 2007), the groupimmediately started investigating the adventure ofopening five more stores just about the Accra area(Shoprite, 2008). This opus also indicates that theirDakora et al.African operations have produced higher turnover growththan their South African counterparts.However, this is not the case with their operation inIndia where exotic retail bearership is forbidden bygovernment regulations. Shoprite had to operate bymeans of franchising in Mumbai (Shoprite, 2008).Revenues do not match those achieved in Africa,highlighting the mode of entry as a key factor in thesuccessful achievement of retail internationalisation.Yet, even in Africa, it has not all been easy. Due to lackof suitable acquisition targets and alliance partners, andgiven the informal nature of the retail sector in mostAfrican countries, they are obliged to open their ownstores (Games, 2008). The Shoprite one-year report(Shoprite, 2008) indicates that they are currently facingcompetition from new(prenominal) South African retailers who arealso moving into Africa. For example Massmart, alsoexpanding into Africa, will give Shoprite a run for itsmoney in markets for hard faithfuls. Also, as a answer role of their go-it-alone approach toAfricanisation, Shoprite often does not gather enoughmarket k straightwayledge and contacts before entering andestablishing a foothold in these new markets, which initself becomes a problem (Games, 2008).There are also reports of contribute issues haunting thecompany in its Africa operations. Nigeria is reported tohave government-imposed import restrictions on someproducts. This is in a bid to protect the local economy andsuppliers. Miller (2008) points out that the issueconcerning local suppliers is politically controversial forSouth African companies operating in unconnected Africancountries. Although South Africa has moved to be part ofthe continent and has championed an African agenda (asnoted at the start of this paper), there are concerns thatthis commercial occupation might become other form ofcolonisation. As a result, these companies have todemonstrate their support and participation in local causement in those foreign countries or risk beingaccused of exporting Apartheid into Africa (Miller,2008). Of course, the circumstances of each earthmight vary Miller f ound that the Shoprite Group enteredZambia under flourishing conditions that did not attemptto protect local producers and suppliers.Despite the sum up in retail internationalisation inAfrica led by the South African retailers, teensy researchhas been done in this area. This paper is a review basedon a study of annual reports and other publicly availablesources it seeks to develop a foundation for moredetailed case study pass on the phenomenon. The paperdiscusses how the Shoprite Groups expansion into Africahas been achieved, and how it secured its position as thelargest nutriment retailer on the continent. Two propositionsconcerning challenges affecting the decision of entrymode are established, based on the Shoprite study. Theissues that inform these propositions are, however,limited to the results of the Shoprites review, and,therefore, preclude other issues that might be relevant to749the phenomenon but not obvious in this study. Thepropositions are further examined by lo oking at a rangeof other cases of South African retailers expansion intoAfrica.GENERALPERSPECTIVEINTERNATIONALISATIONONRETAILIn youthful years, the world of retailing has seen a dramaticincrease in international activities by retailers around the world (green and Sternquist, 2008 Myers and Alexander,2007 Dawson and Mukoyama, 2006). The phenomenonof retail internationalisation has become an importantfeature of global business. As consumer products andservices become global, and around the whole worldconsumers styles of consumption and attitudesincreasingly become similar, retailers are prompted torespond to this trend. This results in the emergence ofinternational (and in some cases global) retail companies(Federzoli, 2006).As bull Shew ease upr, director of Wal-Mart points out itis absolutely clear the biggest opportunity facing retailers today is internationalisation (McGarriagle, 200812). In exploiting this window of opportunity, the world has seenretail businesses grow into mul tinational corporationscontributing to economies on a worldwide basis. Therising levels of internationalisation among retailbusinesses can be attributed to three factors growth insize, growth in technological sophistication and the necessityto respond to the changing demands and behaviours ofcustomers (Myers and Alexander, 2007).However, retailing is geographically tied, andinternational companies must have a physical presencein the foreign countries concerned in order to conducttheir business (Sternquist, 2007). According to Dawsonand Mukoyama (2006), the internationalisation of retailingis evident in many ways including the sourcing ofproducts for resale, the operation of stores in foreigncountries, the use of foreign fatigue, the bridal offoreign ideas and the use of foreign corking. There hasbeen an increase in all these aspects in terms of volumeand spatial reach, Dawson and Mukoyama indicate. Thisincrease in retail expansion has continued crossways theworld, characterised by large retail ranges, mainly fromthe most developed countries, moving into lessdeveloped ones, and this has attracted some academicattention.However, most research in the area of retailinternationalisation has focused on the developed worldwith gnomish attention being paid to developing economies,especially those in Africa. Zhang and Dodgson(2007336) observe that most research in the field ofinternational business and entrepreneurship concentrateson early internationalisation of firms based in developed countries, especially europium and United States. WhereAfrica is studied, little attention is paid to retailing, as750Afr. J. Bus. Manage.most previous research has always focused onmanufacturing and pure service industries despite therecent increase in retail internationalisation (Park andSternquist, 2008).METHODOLOGYThe review takes into consideration South African retail companies that have expanded their operations beyond their main office region, the Southern African Deve lopment Community (SADC) in a significant way. Pure service retailing is beyond the scope of this paper. Shoprite is the largest food retailer in Africa, and also the pioneering retailer to embark on a continent wide expansion dodging. A review of Shoprites Africanisation process is carried out with the view of gaining some understanding of the phenomenon. Therefore, the propositions and challenges around the issue of modality are limited to what is obvious in the Shoprite study. The significance of these propositions and the bloods between them are further examined by the study of other cases of purposively selected South Africa companies moving into Africa. Since the intention is to understand the phenomenon under study, purposive sampling enhances the potential of understanding(Devers and Frankel, 2000). As indicated earlier, the study has largely been based on annual reports and other publicly available sources, and, therefore, the review took a content analysisapproach. Due to its ability to assess the effects of environmental variables like regulation, socio-economic issues, and location characteristics such as market attractiveness, credibility and likability (Kolbe and Burnett, 1991) in the internationalisation process, content analysis techniques was useful in this study.A REVIEWAFRICAOFSHOPRITESEXPANSIONINTOThe Shoprite Group of companies came into existencewith the acquisition of a supermarket chain in theWestern Cape, in 1979 (Shoprite, 2009a). This expansionstrategy has continued and has helped the expansiondriven company to show its presence across the country, and the group now comprises Shoprite, Checkers,Checkers Hyper, Usave, OK Furniture, OK House andHome, OK Power Express and OK Franchise Division(with a number of stores and brands under it). Thenational growth and expansion strategy of Shoprite, asobserved, has been through mergers and acquisitions,but it modified and extended this strategy when movingabroad.It achieved international exp ansion by opening its ownstores in the foreign countries in which it operates, so that in 2008, out of a total of 984 stores, 100 supermarketswere being operated in 16 countries outside South Africa(Shoprite, 2008). The company claims that theinternational stores operate with the same standards ofsophistication as in the home country, South Africa.Hence, Shoprite now confidently proclaims its name asthe largest food retailer in Africa. The expansion intoAfrican was a bold decision that has continued toinfluence the future of the Shoprite Group to the presentday. However, this could not have been possible withoutclear vision, strategy and the conquer choice of modeof workings. The fol natural depressioning points highlight some of the keyfactors that contributed to Shoprites success in AfricaSuitability of business modelMost of Africas populate cities are home to middle tohigh income earners who yearn for quality of life, andShoprites provision of a world class shoppingenvironment and a wide range of products at arguablyaffordable prices meets their dreams of a better life. Theopening of shopping centres and malls has been afeature of the Shoprite business model, as expressed bythe prexy of the group, C H Wiese in their annualreport (Shoprite, 20088), we have brought a developedcountrys shopping experience to millions of people whohave never been exposed to vocation of this nature. Inessence, this goes beyond the activities of retailing it is actually development, as the b mightily shopping outlets andmalls have become part of a new urban development andmodernity (Miller, 2006).Mode of workingShoprites choice of mode for its expansion programmehas largely been by opening up its own stores in thecountries where it operates. This strategy allows thecompany to have absolute oblige over all its operations,both local and foreign, and managing them from its headoffice in Cape Town. Park and Sternquist (2008) foundthat retail companies embarking on global strateg iesprefer opening branches or establishing wholly-ownedsubsidiaries for their international operations, althoughfranchising has been widely used in this regard. This isbecause the wholly-owned entry mode allows for morecontrol and involvement in the operations of the newestablishment. Opening their own stores also offerspotentially greater returns in terms of profit (Park andSternquist, 2008).However, wholly-owned subsidiaries or own stores areseen as the most expensive mode of internationalisationfor any particular company as it requires more resourcecommitment, including management time and finance(Doole and Lowe, 2004). Doole and Lowe necessitate thatthis mode is used when a retail company is certain thatits products and services will do well in the long-run, in a foreign market of a politically stable country, since itallows the internationalising company to have fullownership and the control necessary to meet its strategicobjectives. Whatever ever the situation, the choice ofe ntry mode is one of the most critical and strategicdecisions the company has to make before attempting tointernationalise (Venter et al., 2007).Empowerment, jobs and trainingDespite Shoprites approach of opening its own storesand shopping centres, it also invested and continues toDakora et al.invest in the human capital of the foreign countries whereit operates. The group employs more than 8 000 localpeople in its stores outside South Africa, some of whomhave been trained to become managers (Shoprite, 2008).Further, local small scale farmers are being supported toupgrade their production standards so as to supply theShoprite stores. It has also been reported that theShoprite Zambian operation is already self-sufficient invegetable supplies, thanks to the engagement with localfarmers.Supply chain efficiency change uncontaminating foods in multiple countries through whollyowned stores could pose a logistical nightmare. But, thanks to Shoprites educate supply chain networkand strateg ically primed(p) distribution centres this hasbeen possible and it has been a success (Shoprite,2008). Another important element here is their ability todevelop the necessary skills, backed by advanced teaching systems, to enable them to source anddeliver products to all their stores from anywhere in theworld, says their 2008 annual report. This elementsummarises the whole essence of retailing deliveringthe right products and/or services to the right customers,at the right place, in the right condition or form, andcertainly at the right price. As indicated by Dawson andMukoyama (2006) the most important function of retailersis to make a range of products available to consumers forpotential purchase.Information systems and technologyInformation systems and technologies not only supportsupply chain management, but also managementprocesses. For the Shoprite Group to manage all itsstores and operations from one head office, it has to havereliable info systems and technology in place. They have invested in the most sophisticated breedingtechnology and systems available to the retail industry,and employ talented people to manage them, accordingto the Chairmans report (Shoprite, 2008). With thisadvancement in information technology, their systemsare able to place up to 490 000 orders per month toreorder products automatically from their existingsuppliers, the report indicates. In his report WhiteyBasson (Chief Executive Officer) indicates that theirinvestment in information technology and infrastructurehas improved efficiencies at all levels of the business,and no doubt the capacity to handle increased supplychain activity in an international context (Shoprite, 2008). DISCUSSIONIt has come to light from the Shoprite review that bothpolitical issues and company-level issues affect South751African retailers in their quest to tap into the Africanmarket in a fulsome way. In an interview with the ClassicFM business programme on 18 February 2009 (Shoprite,2009b), Basson saidSouth Africa has not woken up to the fact thatthey are part of that big global village, and thereare a corporation of laws that need to be changed tomake African traders work better with eachother, in and out, its a hell of a job to actuallyget through the red tape and make tradingeasier. So I feel very beefed-uply about it that theyshould look at that and say listen, as SA becomepart of the African continent and a leading roleplayer, we should actually form somecommitteethat makes the trading easy gettaxes structured properly, so that a truckcan go to and be cleared within an hour goingfrom one border to the next and not stand andwait for four or five geezerhood in between borders Ithink we are just lagging in that process.Moreover, in her research into the conditions of Shopriteworkers in Lusaka (Zambia) and Maputo (Mozambique),Miller (200636) found that across the categories of age, gender, skill and permanent or casual status, workers feltmisused and mistreated by Shopri te management.Millers research reveals that workers complain aboutwages, working conditions, hours, and overtime pay. Dueto high costs of living, the wages earned could notsupport their basic needs, although Shoprites paybettered the legislated minimum wage at the time.In general, the expansion of the Shoprite Group into therest of Africa has shown that modality is important andthe issue of mode is much more than opening whollyowned stores, franchising and others, as it also concernsthe relationship with local producers, suppliers andworkers and other stakeholders. Speaking to Fin24(Shoprite, 2009c), Basson had this to say about goinginto AfricaWe can double our African business if we canget rid of all the red tape and all problems of just getting stores and merchandise out there. So itsreally still very, very tough and there is very littlehelp from anybody, be they manufacturers orgovernment from both sides to make the Africancontinent a global trading area like you have inEurope o r the Americas.The review of the Shoprite story, and its Africanexpansion strategies, demonstrate that the mode of entryinto African markets is of strategic importance. While it is evident that there are still more opportunities forexpansion into African countries, there are significantchallenges, and these challenges revolve around thechoice of entry mode. Therefore the concept of mode andmode differences are important as businesses have to752Afr. J. Bus. Manage.take some important decisions about mode. Theseobservations from the Shoprite study suggest thefollowing propositionsProposition 1 It is not easy getting into Africanmarkets there are significant mode differences whichpresent various challenges.Proposition 2 Components of the modal issues andthe nature of the challenges includea. Support for local economies, producers and suppliers,and labour is criticalb. Efficient supply chain management, and goodinformation systems helpc. Movement of goods across borders can pose logisti calproblemsd. Competition emerges as many South African retailersexpand into the continente. Government interventions are needed to open up thecontinent for trade.The mode is therefore a mix of how these challengesare handled, and this is indicative of the mode choices.Moreover, the challenges regarding support for localproducers and labour, and supply chain management areparticularly important. South African retailers have comeunder exam in recent years for dumping South Africanproducts in African markets, little support for local labour and pushing local companies out of business (Games,2008) an issue Shoprite is said to be working hard on(Shoprite, 2008). Also, although most of the newlyeconomically empowered populations of Africa want tospend their money in shopping mall, there are thosepeople who are driven to be concerned about climatechange because of the globalisation of the issues ofclimate change and the significance of carbon footprintmanagement in running a business.Thi s raises the importance of merchandise rangemanagement, as some consumers might prefer locallyproduced radical products. Therefore, there might be aneed for the re-ranging of product lines of South Africanretailers in their African operations.The wider significance of the propositions established,and the relationships and interdependencies betweenthem can be investigated by a review of other SouthAfrican retail businesses moving in the same direction.OTHER SOUTH AFRICAN RETAILERS EXPANDINGINTO THE REST OF AFRICAthat the company now operates 12 Game stores in 10sub-Saharan African countries outside of South Africaincluding Botswana, Ghana, Malawi, Mauritius,Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda andZambia most of the stores are said to perform better (interms of sales) than their South African counterparts(Massmart, 2008). Other format stores are locatedelsewhere. The report also indicates that the companybuys from local suppliers and also import from differentcountries incl uding South Africa.According to the annual report, the excellentperformance of stores in Africa caught managementsattention, and this prompted us to revise our earlierpolicy to limit our African footprint to one store percountry (with exception of Botswana and Namibia). As aresult there are new stores under development forMalawi, Zambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Angola, and others, asreported.However, in an interview with fin24 the Massmart CEO,Grant Pattison indicated just how serious it is to operate in African markets outside of South Africa, especiallywhen it comes to acquiring property (Massmart, 2009).He said we can work on a property for ten years andexplained how that can hamper their expansion process.Having said that, he also indicated that the more difficult it is to operate, the more opportunity there is for a goodoperator and in the final analysis they do not consider it particularly difficult to operate in foreign African countries (Massmart, 2009).TruworthsTruworths is one o f the leading South African apparelretailers, selling multiple brands of womens, mens,teenagers and childrens fashions and related products(Truworth, 2008). Truworths is an investment holdingcompany with subsidiaries. Like other South Africanretailers, the group is expanding into the continent, andcurrently operates 25 franchised stores in both foreignAfrican countries and in the Middle East (Truworths,2009). Unlike the Shoprite and Massmart Groups,however, Truworths strategy for expansion has beenthrough franchising. The group has a presence in thefollowing African countries beyond the borders of SouthAfrica Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho and Tanzaniaunder its multiple brand labels. However, reports of howwell those franchised stores perform are not indicated.Massmart groupWoolworthsMassmart is a wholesaler and retailer of generalmerchandise and other streams of goods. Since 1994 thecompany has expanded its business operation beyondthe borders of South Africa to tap markets in the rest ofthe continent. In its 2008 annual report, it is explainedWoolworths, like Truworths, is one of the major fashionand accessories retailers in South Africa the companyalso operates a supermarket chain and pharmacies. Itoperates nationwide and also offers franchiseopportunities, both in the local market and foreign AfricanDakora et al.countries (Woolworths, 2008). As reported, the companyoperates franchise stores in foreign African countries,including Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mauritius,Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Swaziland, Tanzania,Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The performance of thefranchised foreign operations is, however, not indicated(Woolworths, 2009).RETAIL MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN AFRICARetail opportunities in Africa are extensive, as someAfrican countries are experiencing strong economicgrowth and are benefiting from political reforms. Thedoing business report of the World Bank (2008)indicates an increasing trend of countries implementingreforms to facilitate c ross-border trade globally, andshows that Africa is at the forefront of this trend. Thereport observes that Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Rwandaand Tanzania have all reformed in recent years, and thatAfrican countries such as Botswana, Mozambique andRwanda and Ghana have been able to create positiveand stable governments. The resultant boost in theireconomies has been noticed, and the opportunities areclearly visible (Mahajan and Gunther, 2009).As well as economic expansion, it is worth noting thatthe combined population of African countries is also growth rapidly. With Africa still showing the highest birth rate, its population is projected to reach two billion by2050, despite average life expectancy remaining low(Venter et al., 2007). Within African countries there is a ontogenesis highly-educated labour force, that can make acontribution to companies expanding into the continentthere is also a growing proportion of middle-incomeearners who seek to enjoy the services of thesecompanies. In talking about the continents market size, potentialand opportunities, Mahajan and Gunther (20093) help toput things in spotAfrica has more than 900 million consumers.Despite the challenges, every day they need toeat. They need clean water. They need shelter, enclothe, and medicine. They want cell phones,bicycles, computers, automobiles, and educationfor their children. Businesses are already takethese opportunities in building markets acrossAfrica.As we have noted, prominent among the companiesseizing opportunities in Africa are South African retailers, and this is evident in the rising shopping malls and SouthAfrican retail stores in cities across the Continent (Miller, 2006 Mahajan and Gunther, 2009). Moreover, theincreased communications connectivity and usage inAfrican countries also opens up a lot of opportunities. Theinformation economy report hailed this technology753expansion as the source of the strong wave of innovationthat changed the face of the global economy durin g theth concluding quarter of the 20 century (United Nations, 2007).With the launch of the East African Submarine Internetcable, that connects Eastern and Southern Africancountries to the rest of the world in cheaper and alacritousways, ICTs will continue to be a positive factor.However, Mahajan and Gunther indicate that mostemerging markets have serious problems that cannot beignored by businesses operating within them, and Africahas its own unique situation this issue is discussedunder the next heading.DIFFICULTIESPROCESSINTHEINTERNATIONALISATIONInfrastructure (including transport, electricity, water,sanitation, medicine, and technology) has always been atthe forefront of challenges faced by companies operatingin Africa, but these challenges actually presentopportunities to businesses that can meet them (Mahajanand Gunther, 2009). All the same, it is still difficult andcostly to move goods from one country to another whenthere are poor rail and road networks (EconomistNewspaper, 2008). This poses logistical difficulties forretailers who need to move perishable or fast-movingconsumer goods from warehouses to stores, ingeographically far-flung locations within the continent, asindicated earlier in the discussion of Shoprite.Additionally, cross-border trade is affected by roadblocks, red tape and slow custom clearances at mostborders. As explained in his interview with Fin24(Massmart, 2009), the CEO of Massmart said When wesupply goods into Lagos, it might take 12 weeks on thewater, but it can take 14 weeks to clear. Obviously, this precludes any consideration of the supply of freshproducts.ConclusionAs international retailing becomes a reality in Africa, thecomplexities of the phenomenon, coupled with the uniqueAfrican situation, need academic attention to help elucidate the process. South African retailers havemoved into the continent quite cautiously, and most areachieving growth, in some cases even more than withintheir home operations.This generally posit iveexperience merits more study so that it can beunderstood and used to accelerate the benefits for all,especially the African consumer.This paper has focused on the mode of internationalisation as an important issue that demands the attention of retail managements considering moving intoAfrica. For example, it is interesting that Shoprite andgeneral merchandise retailer, Massmart have opened754Afr. J. Bus. Manage.their own stores, whereas clothing retailers, Truworthsand Woolworths operate via franchising. As a result,while Shoprite and Massmart have full ownership andcontrol over their operations in foreign African countries,they nevertheless have to shoulder the challenges inthose markets as discussed. In the case of theirfranchised counterparts, this has been avoided, at thecost of ownership and some control. It is already evidentthat there are many variations on these simple themesthat all need to be studied and understood.REFERENCESDaniel J, Naidoo V, Naidu S (2003). Post-Apar theid South Africas corporate expansion into Africa. Traders. .Afr. Bus. J. AugustNovember, issue 15. Dawson J, Mukoyama M (2006). The increase in international activities by retailers. In Dawson J, Lark R, Mukoyama M (eds). Strategic issues in international retailing. London Routledge.Devers KJ, Frankel RM (2000). Study design in qualitative research 2 sample and data collection strategies. Education for health. 13(2) 263-271.Doole I, Lowe R (2004). International marketing strategy analysis, development and implementation. 4th ed. London Thomson.Economist Newspaper Ltd, 2008. Network effects logistics in Africa. The economist, 389(8602), October, 18.Federzoli D (2006). Concept and test of a comprehensive mode of international strategy for retail companies. Int. Rev. retail, dispersion Consum. Res. 16(4) 415-431.Games D (2008). South African retail sector in Africa. In Grobbelaar N, Basada H (eds). Unlocking Africas Potential the role of corporate South Africa in strengthening Af ricas private sector. Johannesburg SAIIA.Kolbe RH, Burnett MS (1991). Content-analysis research an exam of applications and directives for improving reliability objectivity. J. Consum. Res. 18(2) 243-250.Mahajan V, Gunther RE (2009). Africa rising how 900 million African consumers offer more than you think. Upper Saddle River Pearson.Massmart(2009).Fin24interviewwithMassmartCEO.www.massmart.co.za. 23 July 2009.Massmart (2008). Annual report, www.massmart.co.za. 23 July 2009. McGarriagle I (2008). The only way is up. Retail world. April. Miller D (2008). Retail renaissance or company rhetoric the failed partnership of South African Corporation and local suppliers in Zambia. Labour, capital and society. 41(1) 34-55.Miller D (2006). Spaces of resistance African workers at Shoprite in Maputo and Lusaka. Afr. Dev. 31(1) 27-49.Myers H, Alexander N (2007). The role of retail internationalisation in the establishment of a European retail structure. Int J. Retail Distribution Manage. 35(1) 6 -19.Park Y, Sternquist B (2008). The global retailers strategic proposition and choice of entry mode. Int. Retail Distribution Manage. 36(4) 281299. Shoprite (2009a). Website. www.shoprite.co.za. 20 Jully 2009. Shoprite (2009b). Classic FM businesss interview with Shoprite CEO. www.shoprite.co.za. 20 July 2009Shoprite (2009c). Fin24 interview with Shoprite CEO.www.shoprite.co.za. 20 July 2009.Shpoprite (2008). Annual report. www.shoprite.co.za. 20 July 2009.Sternquist B (2007). International retailing. 2nd ed. New York Fairchild. Truworths (2009). Website. www.truworths.co.za. 20 July 2009. Truworths (2008). Annual report. www.truworths.co.za. 20 July 2009. United Nations. UNCTAD Secretariat (2007). The information economy report 2007-2008 science and technology for development the new paradigmofICT.http//www.unctad.org/en/docs/sdteecb20071_en.pdf.Venter D, Erwee R, De Lange R (2007). Economic and socialdevelopment initiatives for South Africa and Africa. In Hough J, Neuland E (eds) . Global business environment and strategies managing for global competitive advantage. 3rd ed. Cape Town Oxford University Press.Woolworths (2009). Website. www.woolworths.co.za. 20 July 2009. Woolworths (2008). Annual report. www.woolworth.co.za. 20 July 2009.World Bank (2008). Doing business 2009. www.doingbusiness.org 24 July 2009.Zhang M, Dodgson M (2007). A roasted duck can still fly away A case study of technology, nationality, culture and the rapid and early internationalisation of the firm. J. World Bus. 42 336-349.

How My Children Helped Change My Life Essay

When my children were born, I knew my life was way out to change. I started to feel jazz with my life the twenty-four hour period my son arrived. horizontal to a greater extent complete when my piffling girl was first placed in my arms. My children harbour been my rock over the last three and a half years. They have helped me learn, grow, and love by showing me the world through their eyes. My children have helped me become a wear out role model and friend. They have helped me through my education. With my children Im always nurture something new.Most importantly my little ones have taught me how to love in a whole new light and its the small things in life that matter. A few years ago when I was about the age of 16 I knew that I had always wanted to be a mother. At that magazine I was going through a very difficult stage. I had my head wrapped around alcohol and a not so gratifying drug. As I proceeded to live the life I knew I never wanted, I had a lady a couple years olde r than me press that she loved her children but she loved the drug we chosen to do and that would never change.I threw my hands up, walked out the opening and never returned to that life. I knew I was not destined to be that person. At the age of 18 I had found I was pregnant with my son. My old life was behind me and I knew this child was going to change my life forever. It had changed me into a mother. A month after my sons first birth mean solar day when got the news I was pregnant with my second child. Even though Alieric was only a year old, I think the little man was more excited for a baby than me.He helped me as more as his little fingers could during his my pregnancy. He would grab me trash cans, rub my tummy, and talked to the baby every day. He loved his sister before she even arrived. He affected my heart in more ways than one and showed me even as a tiny person, love still had the power to conquer all. The day my young lady was born, I had to leave my son with a fri end until his sister actually arrived. It broke his heart. I promised him that as soon as she was here he would be one of the first people to see her.I reassured him that she was going to love him as much as he had already loved her. That was the day I vowed never to break a promise to him or our new little bundle of joy. Now my children are hitting 4 years and 2 years. As they have grown I have tried my best to show them right on from wrong and encourage them to help others as much as they can. Respect and appreciation is something that has been a huge part of my life and now that I have passed that down to my children, I get scolded from them when they think Im being rude.They pick up me right from wrong , and put their mommy in check. Say bless you mommy, Youre excused, Mommy that wasnt twee, I think you owe grandma an apology mom. Those are the statements you might hear my children say on a daily basis. As I instill respect in them, they also instill respect and courtesy in m e. I started school at the Goal Academy in 09 right after my son was born. I pushed myself for him so I could give him a future but that schooling wasnt working for me. I moved on to the Alternative High School Diploma Program at PCC.Through that program I was pregnant with my little girl and with another baby on the way I pushed myself even harder to get through the program to graduate for them. Every day before I left my son would wish me luck, signalise me to do a gigantic job and that he knew that I could do it. That was all the motivation I needed. I made it through it 6 months My little man guided me through it. He was there to watch me walk across the stage at graduation and all I could hear was him grow for me. I was on proud momma that my son had so much faith in me.Now as I walk out the door each morning for college and my kiddos stay home , it fills my heart to hear them say things like kill that test mom, you got it mommy, see you later, I make do you can do it, Hav e a good day at school. They are my inspiration and guidance to stay in school. They move me to better and get good grades so I can get the degree I want so I can give them a great life. With my children encouraging me and always being there for me through school , I know I ordain never give up. They wont go forth it.My children have so much faith in me and knowing that helps me have faith in myself. They teach me compassion and love . They have taught me that every day is a blessing . That god has given me these children for a reason and they have a purpose in life. To my children Im wonder women for everything I do. They teach me something new with each new passing day, whether it be how to let loose and be free or how to care for their own owies. They teach me how to care for them by just being the little unique individuals that they are.They teach me different things through their personalities. In life they are going to teach me who they are, and along the way, even now, they have taught me who I am. I am a mother. Its an amazing feeling to say that my children are two of my biggest accomplishments in life. As the end of November 2013 rolls around we exit be welcoming a new baby into our little family and I couldnt be more excited. Just like when I was pregnant with my girlfriend and how my son helped out, he has now taught his sister to help mommy and how to love this little baby even though he/she isnt here yet.I could be anymore grateful or proud of my children than I am now. My children are my role models, my blessings and most of all my best friends. They have changed my life more ways than I can count and helped me mold into the person I am today. I honestly wouldnt change one thing in my life and Im proud to carry the title Mommy. I will forever hold that title dear to my heart and will never forget who was and still is there for me the most, my beautiful amazing children.

Applying Theory Essay

Healthy aging is positively correlated with continued psychological and social naval divisionicipation of of age(p) citizens with activities that may not be very analogous to those that they have been used to, but substitutes them to accommodate their age and limited capabilities. Building a senior citizens sum of coin would allow them to participate in special activities that they have pursued in middle age. The community would be creating a venue by which the old could get educational training, physical and leisure activities fit to their age to reduce boredom.The midpoint would encourage them to stay active, less depressed about aging. In the long-term, the midway would promote a positive well-being among the elderly. shift Theory Building a senior citizens spunk field would benefit the senior citizens in many ways but on the part of the community, the get off would have benefits as well as incur costs. A center would grant senior citizens a fecund means by which t o spend their seclusion years. It would make them more active and social than they would if they simply spend most of their time at home or a retirement home.On the part of the community, the monetary cost of the project might make it impractical if the amount could be better spent in a much more undeniable community project. Then again, the elderly is as much a part of the community as much as the jr. members and constructing a center would provide a psychological benefit for both age groups. To the elderly, a center is a reassurance that the community values them in spite their old age. To the younger generation, the center equally reassures them that they are doing something right for the elderly.Functionalism Every age group needs to belong to an institution which would foster a moxie of their membership in the large community. Furthermore, to survive as a whole, all members should work together and slip into roles aimed towards fulfilling the needs of society. A senior citi zens center would make the retirees a sense of belonging in the community as it would serve as their institution now that they have lost membership in their former workplaces. They would form into a social group which could organize activities to benefit the entire community.It would make the cohesion of the community stronger as an organized group of senior citizens means that even the elderly are contributing towards the stability and constant activity of the community, factors which characterize a healthy, working community. Continuity Theory Senior citizens would continue to seek for the same activities, relationships and lifestyles they had in younger years. A senior citizens center would be a good way by which the elderly members of society can organize, assemble and socializejust like when they were younger.Since they all belong to the same age group, members would develop a distinct culture and this would break-dance everyone a sense of stability and animation system. A ce nter with activities and programs geared for the elderly would help ease the difficulties of adjusting to old age. The community, in turn, would have less of the stereotyped bitter and bad-tempered elderly members because it has a place which helps the elderly experience aging as a positive, supportive and gently-sloping experience.Theories that would argue against the senior citizens center. Conflict Theory Building a senior citizens center would benefit the elderly, however it would acknowledge their continued worth in society and their influence in terms of policy-making. The senior citizens have passed their prime, and the younger generation controls public administration including the budget and planning. The latter would disapprove the outgo of $3M for a center that would not be paying to the community.The community could maximize its spending by allocating the budget for other projects and simply put the care of the elderly under their respective families or elderly homes. This way the family or home would be spending only for the necessary expenses to support the survival needs of the elderly without funneling the communitys financial resources. Political economy of aging The corporate entertain precedes personal interest of the market. A senior citizens center would surely not justify the $3M that the community would be spending towards constructing and running it.A center for the elderly would simply be a place for them to engage in pursuits like physical activities, entertainment, seminars conducted by volunteers and other non-profitable, self-serving endeavors. If the aim is to spend the money in a project that would benefit the aging population, a wiser idea would be to revert the funds towards the construction of a managed care institution. To be profitable in the long run, this institution could give the elderly the same services and activities as the proposed center, but at certain prices.Recreation for the elderly should be a privilege inst ead of a charitable act. Disengagement theory The elderly and society engage in mutual separation. A senior citizens center is impractical because it would mean integrating the elderly into the community when they should realize that they have to withdraw from social activities they have been used to prior to retirement. A center would give the elderly a false sense of importance regarding their role in the community.It would pose a burden to the community which has to constantly bear with the expenses incurred by the center and its useless programs. The elderly cannot anymore contribute to society and compete with its standards of excellence therefore, for the benefit of society, they should interact with the community and with each other less. Social Competence/ dislocation Theory Building a senior citizens center would create greater dependency on the part of the already vulnerable senior citizens.If the center is realized the elderly would feel self-important, ask for extra serv ices and special privileges. If the demands are refused, it would cause emotional distress. To show sensitivity to the elderly, they should be allowed to face the challenges in life, without spending $3M to build a center especially for them. They should not be doled out with charity. They should be left to find the means to be happy and productive in their late years. The community would be doing them well if they are made to feel like they have worked hard to accomplish something.

Mba Human Resource

Master of Business Administration-MBA Semester 1 MB0038 Management Process and Organization look 4 Credits (Book ID B1127) Assignment Set- 2 (60 Marks) Note Each foreland carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions. Q. 1Write a note on classical season for evolution for Organizational behavior. In the early twentieth century, early studies in the complexities of governanceal activity got underway. Initial studies were mostly mechanical. Being treated like machines, the serviceman were subjected to close scrutiny and study.The aspects studied were how the human be haltd during regular applied testing of a someones responses to stimuli. Another stream of ideas that were part of study organizations were divided according to their governmental preferences, and the various directs of apportionment throughout the entire organizations. Unfortunately in that location was a limitation to both of these because they did not bear in mind the interaction amidst the two connected strea ms tho treated for distributively one as a separate entity. Parts of the History of Organizational Behavior Studies apprise be seen during the 1890s.During this date scientific management was viewed as the go around way to run an organization. An organization that in its course of action adheres to a set of guidelines and guides itself on findings of eon and relocation studies, is bound to arrive at greater takes of productivity claimed the advocates of this system. It became clear that organizations were centered on interactive multitudes of their members, and a more humanistic view needed to be speculate as psychology and analysis as a means of understanding human behavior became more sophisticated.By understanding and using psychology productivity leave alone improve tremendously. The Human Relations Movement, as it was called in the beginning of the 20th century, brought focus on collaboration, do work, and the aspect of particular persons understanding the inte nt of the organization. By the punt World War, a paradigm shift had occurred in the study of organizational behavior. The new buzzword was operations research, and more and more the great unwashed became interested in sciences, systems theories, complexity theories and strategies.At the time, James March and Herbert Simon were leading experts in the field. Many theories were coming forth as the seventies came around. More often than not the basis for this was quantifiable research and interconnected trulyms of psychology. By the 1980s how important the cultures of different organizations was emphasized instead of the meat and quality of the research. Anthropology was only when one of many an(prenominal) fields macrocosm added into studies about organizational behaviors. Presently any managerial course has organizational behavior studies as its integral part.As part of the curriculum many business schools this instant include this and related courses in fields such as indust rial psychology. The name of the person who runs the History of Organizational Behavior Studies internet site is Patricia Jones. com. serve more on Organizational Behaviors. This article may only be used if the author bio and links ar included. Q. 2what is gatheringthink. develop. aggroupthink is a deterioration of mental efficiency, ingenuousness testing, and moral judgment resulting from in-group pressures. Thus, the overemphasis on consensus and agreement leads members to be un departing to adjudicate group members ideas critically.This hinders decision-making and becomes an obstacle to group productivity. Certain presumptions favor the development of groupthink. i) The first condition is high cohesiveness. Cohesive groups tend to avoid contraventions and to demand conformity. ii) The sec is other antecedents including directive leadership, high stress, insulation of the group and lack of methodical procedures for developing and evaluating alternatives. A group suffer ing from groupthink displays recognizable symptoms. Symptoms of Groupthink and how to Prevent It Illusions of invulnerability Group members feel they ar above criticism. This symptom leads to excessive optimism and risk taking. * Illusions of group morality Group members feel they be moral in their actions and therefore above reproach. This symptom leads the group to ignore the ethical implications of their decisions. * Illusions of unanimity Group members believe there is consentient agreement on the decisions. Silence is misconstrued as consent. * Rationalization Group members concoct explanations for their decisions to make them appear rational and correct.The results are that other alternatives are not considered, and there is an un voluntaryness to reconsider the groups assumptions. * Stereotyping the enemy Competitors are stereo oddballd as evil or stupid. This leads the group to underestimate its op couch. * Self-censorship Members do not register their doubts or concerns about the course of action. This prevents critical analysis of the decisions. * Peer pressure Any members who express doubts or concerns are pressured by other group members, who question their loyalty. * Mind guards Some members take it upon themselves to protect the group from negative feedback.Group members are thus shielded from information that might lead them to question their action. Guidelines for Preventing Groupthink * Ask each group member to assume the role of a critical evaluator by actively voicing objections or doubts. * Have the leader avoid stating his or her position on the issue prior to the group decision. * Create several groups that work on the decision simultaneously. * Bring in outside experts to evaluate the group process. * Appoint a devils advocate to question the groups course of action consistently. Evaluate the competition carefully, posing as many different motivations and intentions as possible. * Once consensus is reached, encourage the group to ret hink its position by re-examining the alternatives. 1. Social LoafingSocial loafing occurs when one or more group members rely on the causes of other group members and fail to contribute their avow time, effort, thoughts or other resources to a group. This may create a real drag on the groups efforts and achievements. When a group carries out a task, it is harder to attribute the groups output to single contributions.Some group members may engage in sociable loafing, or doing Less than their share of the work on the assumption that groups results entrust not indicate the individuals failure to contribute. A number of methods for countering social loafing exist, such as having identifiable individual contributions to the group product and member self-evaluation systems. For example, if each group member is responsible for a specific input to the group, a members failure to contribute impart be noticed by everyone. If members must formally evaluate their contributions to the grou p, they are less likely to loaf. . Production BlockingProduction blocking is limiting another persons output by getting in his or her way. Production blocking occurs when also many employees are trying to work in a given amount of space or when the organization has poorly planned the use of its facilities. It can also occur when the organization assigns more than the optimal number of employees to carry out a task. Q. 3Explain the process of negotiation. We can identify four basic steps in the negotiation process. They are 1. PreparationPreparation for negotiations should begin long before the formal negotiation begins.Each political party gathers information about the other side its history, likely behavior, previous interactions and previous agreements reached by the parties. Each party polls its members to determine their wishes, expectations, and preferences regarding a new agreement. 2. remunerategrade of AlternativesThe two sides attempt to identify the bargaining range (i. e. , the range in which both parties would find an agreement acceptable). The bargainers determine the alternatives acceptable to them and also identify their best alternative if a negotiated settlement is not reached.Identifying a set of alternatives, including the best one, helps individuals determine whether to continue the negotiation or seek another course of action. two the parties Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA) call for to be determined. BATNA determines the lowest value acceptable to you for a negotiated agreement for both the parties. 3. Identifying InterestsNegotiators act to satisfy their hold interests, which may include substantive, birth, face-to-face or organizational ones. The person or group must assess the other partys interests and then(prenominal) find how to respond to those interests in their offers.Effective negotiations call for satisfying interests by identifying and exploring a range of possible positions on specific issues. 4 . Making Trade-offs and Creating Joint GainsBargainers use trade-offs to satisfy their own and others interests. Either position would meet the interests of maintaining a certain standard of living. One way to assess tradeoffs is * Begin by identifying the best and worst possible outcomes. * Next, destine what impact trade-offs will have on these outcomes. * Finally, consider whether the shiftd outcomes will better meet the parties interest.Negotiators need to overcome the idea that a fixed pie of outcomes exists, avoid non-rational escalation of conflict, pay attention to others cognitions and avoid devaluating the others concessions while overvaluing their own. Issues in Negotiation Some of the most important issues have been discussed below. 1. The role of personalisedity traits in negotiation Overall assessments of the personality-negotiation relationship finds that personality traits have no significant direct effect on either the bargaining process or negotiation outcomes ( Wall amp Blum, 1991). . Gender differences in negotiations Men and women do not negotiate differently. A popular stereo face is that women are more cooperative, pleasant, and relationship-oriented in negotiations than are men. The evidence does not support this. The view that women are nicer is probably due to confusing gender and the lack of super condition typically held by women. (Stuhlmacher amp Walters, 1999). 3. Cultural differences in negotiations Negotiating styles clearly vary crosswise national cultures (Adler, 2002).The cultural context of the negotiation significantly influences the amount and type of preparation for bargaining, the emphasis on task versus interpersonal relationships, the tactics used, etc. Q. 4 The environmental stressors have a great impact on work performance and adjustment of the individual in an organization. Discuss the different categories of environmental stressors. environmental and internal conditions that lie beyond an individuals mesh a re environmental stressors. Such stressors can have a considerable impact on work performance and adjustment. We can organize environmental stressors into the following categories . Task Demands Task demands are factors related to a persons job. They include the contrive of the individuals job, on the job(p) conditions and the physical work layout. removes and lack of control are two of the most stressful demands people face at work. Change leads to uncertainty, a lack of predictability in a persons daily tasks and activities and may be caused by job insecurity related to difficult economic times. Technology and technological innovation also create change and uncertainty for many employees, requiring adjustments in training education and skill development.Lack of control is a second major source of stress, especially in work environments that are difficult and psychologically demanding. The lack of control may be caused by inability to influence the timing of tasks and activiti es, to select tools or methods for accomplishing the work to make decisions that influence work outcomes, or to exercise direct action to affect the work outcomes. 2. Role Demands The social-psychological demands of the work environment may be every bit as stressful as task demands at work.Role demands relate to pressures placed on a person as a function of the particular role he or she plays in the organization. Role conflict results from inconsistent or incompatible expectations communicated to a person. The conflict may be an inter role, intra-role or person-role conflict. a. Inter role Conflict is caused by conflicting expectations related to two separate roles, such as employee and parent. For example, the employee with major sales presentation on Monday and a sick child at home is likely to experience inter-role conflict. b.Intra-role conflict is caused by conflicting expectations related to a single role, such as employee. For example, the manager who presses employees. c. Pe rson-role Conflict Ethics violations are likely to cause person-role conflicts. Employees expected to behave in ways that violate personal values, beliefs or principles experience conflict. The second major cause of role stress is role ambiguity. Role ambiguity is created when role expectations are not clearly mum and the employee is not sure what he or she is to do. Role ambiguity is the confusion a person experiences related to the expectations of others.Role ambiguity may be caused by not understanding what is expected, not knowing how to do it, or not knowing the result of failure to do it. 3. Inter-personal Demands are pressures created by other employees. Lack of social support from colleagues stress, especially among employees with a high social need. Abrasive personalities, sexual harassment and the leadership style in the organization are interpersonal demands for people at work. a. The abrasive Person May be an able and talented employee, but one who creates emotional wav es that others at work must accommodate. b.Sexual Harassment The grand majority of sexual harassment is directed at women in the workplace, creating a stressful working environment for the person being harassed, as well as for others. c. leadership Styles Whether authoritarian or participative, create stress for different personality types. Employees who feel secure with firm, directive leadership may be anxious with an open, participative style. Those easy with participative leadership may feel restrained by a directive style. 4. Physical Demands Non-work demands create stress for people, which carry over into work environment or vice versa.Workers subject to create role conflicts or overloads that are difficult to manage. In addition to family demands, people have personal demands related to non-work organizational commitments such as religious and public service organizations. These demands become more or less stressful, depending on their compatibility with the persons work a nd family life and their capacity to bequeath alternative satisfactions for the person. Q. 5 Given below are certain instances observed by a summer trainee Ritu, while making an observational study at Global Green consultants.An organization dealing with recycling of plastic products waste etc. She makes the following observations about two key people in the organization. 1) Mr. Patnayak He is a very friendly person and encourages his team members by giving those recommendations and appreciation. This helps HR to decide about giving a bonus or progression to employees. 2) Mr. Dutta- He is an aggressive person. He frequently loses his temper. Ritu observes that he frequently punishes the non-performers and also gives them warnings regarding suspension etc. Now relieve what base of power Mr. Patnayak and Mr.Dutta belong to. Explain the type of power they use often Ten Types of Power 1. Position. Some measure of power is conferred on the basis of ones formal position in an organiz ation. For example, a marketing manager can influence the decisions that affect the marketing department. However, the marketing manager has little power to influence the decisions that affect the pay department. 2. Knowledge or expertise. deal who have knowledge or expertise can wield tremendous power. Of course, knowledge in itself is not powerful. It is the use of knowledge and expertise that confers power.Thus, you could be an incredibly bright person and still be powerless. 3. Character or ethics. The more trustworthy individuals are the more power they have in negotiations. The big issue here is whether they do what they say they are going to doeven when they no longer feel like doing it. 4. Rewards. People who are able to bestow rewards or perceived rewards hold power. Supervisors, with their ability to give raises, hold power over employees. Money can have power. only when money, like anything else, holds very little power if it is not distributed. 5.Punishment. Those wh o have the ability to create a negative outcome for a counterpart have the power of punishment. Managers who have the authority to reprimand and fire employees hold this type of power. State troopers and highway patrol officers who have the ability to give out speeding tickets also have this power. 6. Gender. Dealing with someone of the opposite sex can confer power. We have videotaped many negotiation case studies in which the turning point came when a woman casually touched a mans hand or arm to make her point. 7. Powerlessness.In some instances, giving up all power can be very powerful. If a kidnapper threatens a hostage with death enough times, the hostage may just repugn the kidnapper to go ahead and kill him. At the point that the hostage gives up power, or control over his own death, the kidnapper actually loses power. 8. Charisma or personal power. When we ask participants in our seminars for examples of leaders who have had charisma or personal power, invariably the names of Mother Teresa, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan come up. When we ask, What do all iii of these leaders have in common? participants usually respond, Passion and confidence in what they believe in. 9. Lack of interest or desire. In negotiations, as in many other areas of life, the side with the least interest in what is being negotiated holds the most power. If you are buying a house and you really do not care if you purchase the house you are currently negotiating for or the one down the street, you will most likely hold more power in the negotiationunless, of course, the sellers could care less if they sell the house today or live in it for another ten years 10. Craziness.This may sound funny, but bizarre or irrational behavior can confer a tremendous amount of power. Every organization has someone who blows up or behaves irrationally when confronted with problems. Those who have been exposed to this type of behavior tend to avoid such individuals. As a result, these individ uals are not given many tasks to accomplish because others are afraid to ask them. Leadership style influence level of motivation. However, throughout a lifetime, mans motivation is influenced by ever-changing ambitions and/or leadership style he works under or socializes with.Command-and-control leadership drains off ambition while worker responsibility increases ambition. Leadership Style versus Motivation Leadership Style Motivation Type Motivation is Based on Personality Type Efficiency Limited supervisionWorker with decision making responsibility Self move Creativity Leader of ideas or people. Independent AchieverThrives on change High Team motivated Mixed styles Goal motivated Opportunity Personality type and efficiency depends on leaders skill and/or the work environment hes created. Reward motivated Materialism Recognition motivated Social posture High level of supervisionCommand-and-control Peer motivated To be like others Status quo DependencyResist change Low A uthority motivated Follows policy Threat, fear motivated Reacts to force * Self-motivated or visionaries will not accept authority controlled environments. They will find a way to escape if trapped. * In a team-motivated environment, dependency types will become inspired and tense up to be acceptable with independent thinking coworkers. * Associates influence the level of individual motivation. Reaction to ChangeCommand-and-control leadership is the primary style in our society. It is accepted because efficiency is created by repetitive action, teaching people to resist change. Once acquiring a skill, they do not want to learn another. The worker adapts to level three with an episodic trip to level two. Worker responsibility is just the opposite it motivates people to thrive on change by seeking challenges, finding ways to achieve ends. take aim one is the leader of changing technology, finding ways to create efficiency. Reaction to Efficiency The efficiency of advancing te chnology is forcing change.It is up to the individual or business to decide which side of change they want to be on, the leading edge or trailing edge. The leading edge is exciting while the trailing edge is a drag. Playing catch-up drains motivation while leaders of change inspire motivation. With todays changing technology, an individual must be willing to aban through with(p)d old skills and learn new ones. The ability to adapt is achieved through self-development programs. Because level one thrives on change, they adapt to whatever methods gets things done with the least amount of effort.This brings us to work habits. In level one, management and front line workers, together, are searching for ways to solve and prevent problems. Decisions are do on the front line where alternative methods are analyzed. Being able to prevent problems is a motivation force. In level three management makes all decision, as a result, management must find ways to solve all problems and find alternat ive methods. Front line employees may be aware conflicts, but they dont have the authority to take action and have learned not to be concerned.Supervisors are only concerned with elements that management thinks are important. Under command-and-control leadership, management considers the opinions or concerns of people on the front line to be trivial. As a result, management takes action only when problems become too big to ignore. If workers have conflicts with their supervisors, they will find ways to increase the magnitude of problems, creating a combative environment. A downward spiral of management implementing more control and workers resisting control develop.Under worker responsibility, management and workers unite to prevent or solve problems. Team MotivatedElementary problems are prevented or solved at the source. goting the job done is the primary goal of management and workers. Dependency of AuthorityElementary are dealt with by management when large enough to be recogn ized. Abused WorkersLack of leadership skills and the desire for power creates easy problems. Managers focus on worker control. Getting the job done is down the list. Workers goal is to find ways to do little as possible. Command and subordination Leadership Problems are always out of control. Reaction to Learning Habits In level two, young workers are establishing work habits, developing attitudes and learning a professional skill. Out of training and on the job, motivation level will depend on the leadership style they work under. Under command-and-control leadership, ambitions will be associated with maintaining the status quo. Under worker responsibility, ambitions will be associated with opportunity. They will continually expand their skills as the need or as opportunity arises.Reaction to Goals Self-motivated people are goal motivated. Once they conquer one goal, they establish another. Every goal is a learning process that requires all the elements in level one. Compan ies that attract and keep this type of person stay on the leading edge of technology. The chief operating officer is a visionary in client service and employee leadership. The employees goals are the same as the CEOs. If the CEO desires control, then he will lead in such a way that trains subordinates to lead by control. As a result, the employees goals are quitting time and payday. Reaction to RecognitionRecognition is important it builds positive self-esteem. By itself, its benefits are short lived. Long-term benefits are achieved when the employee feels the job could not have been done without them. This means they were faced with a challenge, which means, they had the responsibility and authority to take action. This environment is found in level one. Self Motivated Projects Self-motivated projects is the ability to bread and finish what one has started. Most people, working alone, do not finish what they start. The ability to finish challenging projects is the secret to being a winner.First requirement is interest, then asking questions which inspires the learning process. With information, a challenge is presented and a goal set. When action is taken, the barriers of persistence, risk, fear and failure become a challenge by itself. Self-motivated projects are difficult because no one cares if they succeed, which is another barrier. This is wherefore most people quit before they get a good start. People, who find ways to overcome barriers and hang in there, are the winners. They develop skills and confidence, which are required steps to larger projects.Team Motivated Projects Everyone can be inspired to achievement in a team-motivated environment. With a common goal, team members support each other until success is achieved. In this environment, others do care and team members are needed for achieving the goal. For this reason, team motivation is extremely powerful. The exchange of ideas, information and testing the results, adds to the motivating force . As a result, each member seeks to be a leader of quality input. Q. 6 Fashion4now is a famous and old magazine. The top management decides to start the e- edition of the magazine.They also decide the redefine the policies and culture of Fashion4now To start implementing this change, they frequently call meetings of employees. They have also formed groups at different levels to clarify doubts and explain the perspective of change. Analyze the situation in the context of organizational change and elaborate why the top management is following the discussed practices and what approach is most ostensible in the context. Typically, the concept of organizational change is in regard to organization-wide change, as opposed to smaller changes such as adding a new person, modifying a program, etc.Examples of organization-wide change might include a change in mission, restructuring operations (e. g. , restructuring to self-managed teams, layoffs, etc. ), new technologies, mergers, major colla borations, rightsizing, new programs such as Total Quality Management, re-engineering, etc. Some experts refer to organizational transformation. Often this term designates a fundamental and radical reorientation in the way the organization operates. The levels of organizational change perchance the most difficult decision to make is at what level to start.There are four levels of organizational change First lets describe these levels, and then under what serving a business should use them. Level 1- shaping and anticipating the future At this level, organizations start out with few assumptions about the business itself, what it is good at, and what the future will be like. Management generates alternate scenarios of the future, defines opportunities based on these possible futures, assesses its strengths and weaknesses in these scenarios changes its mission, measurement system etc.More information on this is in the next article, Moving from the future day to your Strategy. Level 2 defining what business (as) to be in and their Core Competencies Many attempts at strategic planning start at this level, either assuming that 1) the future will be like the past or at least predictable 2) the future is embodied in the CEOs vision for the future or 3) management doesnt know where else to start 4) management is too afraid to start at level 1 because of the changes needed to really meet future requirements or 5) the only mandate they have is to refine what mission already exists.After a mission has been defined and a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis is completed, an organization can then define its measures, goals, strategies, etc. More information on this is in the next article, Moving from the Future to your Strategy. Level 3 Reengineering (Structurally Changing) Your Processes Either as an aftermath or consequence of level one or two work or as an independent action, level three works focuses on fundamentally changing how work is accomplished.Rather than focus on modest improvements, reengineering focuses on making major structural changes to everyday with the goal of substantially improving productivity, efficiency, quality or customer satisfaction. To read more about level 3 organizational changes, please see A Tale of Three Villages. Level 4 Incrementally Changing your Processes Level 4 organizational changes are focusing in making many small changes to existing work processes. Oftentimes organizations put in considerable effort into getting every employee focused on making these small changes, often with considerable effect.Unfortunately, making improvements on how a buggy whip for horse-drawn carriages is made will rarely come up with the idea that buggy whips are no longer necessary because cars have been invented. To read more about level 4 organizational changes and how it compares to level 3, please see A Tale of Three Villages. Some General Guidelines to Organization-Wide Change 1. Consider u sing a consultant. determine the consultant is highly experienced in organization-wide change. Ask to see references and check the references. 2. Widely communicate the potential need for change.Communicate what youre doing about it. Communicate what was done and how it worked out. 3. Get as oftentimes feedback as practical from employees, including what they think are the problems and what should be done to resolve them. If possible, work with a team of employees to manage the change. 4. Dont get clad up in doing change for the sake of change. Know why youre making the change. What goal(s) do you hope to accomplish? 6. Plan the change. How do you plan to reach the goals, what will you need to reach the goals, how long might it take and how will you know when youve reached your goals or not?Focus on the coordination of the departments/programs in your organization, not on each part by itself. Have someone in charge of the plan. 7. End up having every employee ultimately reporting to one person, if possible, and they should know who that person is. speculate descriptions are often complained about, but they are useful in specifying who reports to whom. 8. Delegate decisions to employees as much as possible. This includes granting them the authority and responsibility to get the job done.As much as possible, let them decide how to do the project. 9. The process wont be an aha It will take longer than you think. 10. Keep perspective. Keep focused on meeting the needs of your customer or clients. 11. Take care of yourself first. Organization-wide change can be highly stressful. 12. Dont seek to control change, but rather to expect it, understand it and manage it. 13. Include closure in the plan. Acknowledge and celebrate your accomplishments. 14. Read some resources about organizational change, including new forms and structures

The Importance of Being Educated

I believe that aboriginal Childhood centres should create a validatory environs where children are more stimulated, happy, comfortable and safe from harm. Where learning is more meaningful and children can be extended.I believe that children learn in a holistic way done play. They learn by being actively involved. The process of a childs work is meaning(a) not just the results. They learn through stages at their own pace. The adults role in childrens learning is to stand scaffolding for the childs endeavours, supports and connections, that are removed and replaced when and where they are leaded. Adults indigence to provide a development exclusivelyy charm programme to cater for all children. thither is a need to plan for each child based on their own interests, strengths and needs. The curriculum planning should be based on the principles of Te Whaariki and the knowledge that all children are individuals.I feel that there is a need for Early Childhood pedagogs to work in par tnership with parents/caregivers and Whaanau. This is an essential part of providing the best possible opportunities for children to reach their fullest potential. I recognise that parent/caregivers and Whaanau are the major(ip) sources for this knowledge. Which is a very valuable resourcefulness for teachers. Therefore there must be a good relationship between centre staff and parents to provide a strong connection and dead body among all aspects of the childs world.I believe that the uniqueness of each child should be valued. To apply the principle of fairness to all practices within the centre and to avoid secernment as the basis of culture, gender, disability, religion or class. I feel that all children have the right to attend a centre.I am committed to providing an environment in which every child is enriched by the dual cultures of the treaty partners. I recognise that we are becoming a multicultural society and realise the brilliance of understanding the diversity that th is brings to Early Childhood Education. I believe that Te Reo Maori should be actively included into the centres programme.It is all important(p) as an Early Childhood Educator to work as a team member, where each member is encouraged to utilise their own individual skills. There needs to be open and honorable communication between staff members to create on effective team. It is also necessary for staff to have coarse goals and work together to achieve them.I feel that the management of childrens behaviour must be fair and consistent. Teachers and adults must model and promote peaceful booking resolution methods to enable children to learn and do it with conflict in an appropriate way. I also believe that the development of self-esteem by positive reward of appropriate behaviour is important to defense the rights and emotional development of every child at the centre.I believe that it is necessary for teachers to be involved in a continuing process of pro development to kee p in touch with the changes that are constantly effecting the Early Childhood Education field.The Importance of Being EducatedI believe that Early Childhood centres should create a positive environment where children are more stimulated, happy, comfortable and safe from harm. Where learning is more meaningful and children can be extended.I believe that children learn in a holistic way through play. They learn by being actively involved. The process of a childs work is important not just the results. They learn through stages at their own pace. The adults role in childrens learning is to provide scaffolding for the childs endeavours, supports and connections, that are removed and replaced when and where they are needed. Adults need to provide a developmentally appropriate programme to cater for all children. There is a need to plan for each child based on their own interests, strengths and needs. The curriculum planning should be based on the principles of Te Whaariki and the knowled ge that all children are individuals.I feel that there is a need for Early Childhood Educators to work in partnership with parents/caregivers and Whaanau. This is an essential part of providing the best possible opportunities for children to reach their fullest potential. I recognise that parent/caregivers and Whaanau are the major sources for this knowledge. Which is a very valuable resource for teachers. Therefore there must be a good relationship between centre staff and parents to provide a strong connection and consistency among all aspects of the childs world.I believe that the uniqueness of each child should be valued. To apply the principle of fairness to all practices within the centre and to avoid discrimination as the basis of culture, gender, disability, religion or class. I feel that all children have the right to attend a centre.I am committed to providing an environment in which every child is enriched by the dual cultures of the treaty partners. I recognise that we a re becoming a multicultural society and realise the importance of understanding the diversity that this brings to Early Childhood Education. I believe that Te Reo Maori should be actively included into the centres programme.It is important as an Early Childhood Educator to work as a team member, where each member is encouraged to utilise their own individual skills. There needs to be open and honest communication between staff members to create on effective team. It is also necessary for staff to have common goals and work together to achieve them.I feel that the management of childrens behaviour must be fair and consistent. Teachers and adults must model and promote peaceful conflict resolution methods to enable children to learn and deal with conflict in an appropriate way. I also believe that the development of self-esteem by positive reinforcement of appropriate behaviour is important to safeguard the rights and emotional development of every child at the centre.I believe that i t is necessary for teachers to be involved in a continuing process of professional development to keep in touch with the changes that are constantly effecting the Early Childhood Education field.

Prewriting Essay

1. I would compose nearwhat love because I odour love is a tree and romance is just wiz of its branches. at that place are other dimensions of love as well apart from romance. In the shew I would spook upon all these dimensions. Apart from love between a man and a woman, there is love between a teacher and a student, love between two friends, love between a man and his pet, love between a celebrity and his fans, love between siblings. I would touch upon all these dimensions of love in the search.Then I would bring into focus the most divine form of love and that is the love between a drive and her child. I would elaborate on how unique this form of love is and it cannot die or change no matter how advanced the world give outs. I would write that the bond between a overprotect and her child is natural. This is because they are physically attached to each other for nine months. Due to the capacity of bearing children mothering intelligence comes naturally to women. The int ensity of this instinct might vary from person to person but it cannot be completely absent in a woman.A mother always prioritizes her child above herself. This selflessness is rare in all the other dimensions of love. I would also focus on the main concepts like jealousy, codependency, idealization, stereotyping and so on that involve different types of relations and would connect all these concepts to a mother-child relationship. This would help in understanding this divine attachment between two human beings in more depth. I would conclude the essay by weaving all the main superlatives highlighted above into a string of points that would point towards the main idea that though there are many forms of love, the love between a mother and a child always excels above others.2. I would write about wherefore we need gossip in our culture. I think that gossip is one of the necessities of human beings and all of us love to indulge in it whether consciously or unconsciously. But there are very few of us who like to accept our inclination to indulge in gossip. Even when we are gossiping about our classmates, colleagues, neighbors, celebrities, teachers etcetera our conscious mind always tries to project ourselves as a person who does not indulge in this kind of lowly activities.In the essay I would like to focus on the fact that the intensity of our indulgence or love for gossip might differ from one person to some other but just like other necessities like food, water, shelter etc. this also becomes one of our needs. I would write that one of the main reasons why some pack gossip less when compared to others is because they have less time than the others in this fast paced world. In this context I would quote the example of the reality show, bragging(a) Brother where the participants are not allowed anything other than the basic necessities and apart from food it is gossip that gives them the strength to survive in a controlled environment.I would write that no matter what the age or the background of the participants is every one uses this tool to ooze out his anger, distress or dissatisfaction. Some people start instantaneously tour others take a little time to open up but ultimately every one engages in this activity. To conclude I would point out that all of us abhor the bourn gossip attached to our personalities. But in reality this should not be the case. We do not extremity to accept this important need of our existence because we relate only negative points to this activity. We should consider gossip as a way of socializing which is yet another(prenominal) important requirement of a healthy human mind. It helps in taking out the baggage that we carry in our inner self. However we should always demonstrate to indulge in healthy gossip instead of dirty gossip meant to malign others. In healthy gossip many people would be our friends while in the latter we will invite more foes.3. I would like to write about the changing attit ude towards dating. Years ago dating was a taboo. Then it became an acceptable part of our society. Now it is indispensable for any relationship to bloom. The courtship period that comprises of dating andcalling cannot be imagined without these elements of love. In the essay I would write about changing attitude towards dating not only in the western culture but also in other cultures. There are a many cultures for, example in Asia, where interaction between girls and boys was not acceptable till recent times but since dating has become an integral part of western culture, these cultures are also getting influenced by this concept.The difference in the change of attitude in theAsian countries compared tothe westerncountries is that though it is being accepted the level of acceptance is lower in the Asian countries. I would highlight the point that how gradually dating has started being considered as a means of just spending a good time with the person towards whom one is romanticall y inclined unlike the yesteryears where it was considered a foundation of long term relationships. In the conclusion of the essay, I would write that courtship consists of dating but not vice versa. Where dating is just for fun, flirting is likely to be one of its components.4.I would like to write about anxiety disorder. In the beginning of the essay I would present an overview of the disease. I would mean that many disorders are conjointly referred as anxiety disorder. These disorders are generalized anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, specific phobia, agoraphobia etc. In fact anxiety disorder is a blanket term that encompasses within itself different types of anxiety, fear, nervous condition or phobia. It can occur suddenly or gradually and can affect people of different age groups and genders. Then I would focus on the causes. Apart from the psychological causes, I would also touch upon the hereditary and genetic causes of the disease. This disease disrupts the d ay-to-day activities of the people suffering from it.I would write about the symptoms of anxiety disorders. For example there are psychological symptoms like social avoidance, depression, frustration, lack of concentration etc. Apart from that there are physical symptoms too, for example dizzy spells, fatigue, chest pain etc. This would throw light upon how it affects the people suffering from it. Apart from music there are other things like good family atmosphere, indulgence in some constructive work and exercises that help in the recovery process. I would mention that the people suffering from it should be honest to the practitioners so that theyget cured in the right way.