Land Subsidence in Bangkok, Thailand

Land Subsidence in capital of the United States of Thai grime, Thai toss offSpecific concludeTo carry my audience to hold that we must(prenominal) halt the remission in capital of Thailand by cut downing everyplace-exploitation of groundwater, increasing the usage of push through H2O, and sing resettlement of the capital urban centerThesisIn assemble to m aintain our capital capital safe, we must understand the jobs and causes of the land remission, and get a line action to halt the remission.Organizational Form Problem-cause-solutionIntroductionAttention GetterIf you induct been experiencing a spy lower late, it is non merely your imaginativeness. In fact, capital of Thailand has been droping.Around 20 per centum of capital of Thailand had already sunk by roughly a metre over the past 30 old ages, said Srisuk ( 2006 ) , manager of the Groundwater Reoceanrch Centre.Reason to listenThis is what is go oning in Bang Khun Thian territory of capital of Thailand. Panya Changc haroen ( 2008 ) from this territory said, Im non sure how long my household and I feces populate here. We urgently desire aid before we lose the whole territory to the sea. The people in this territory lost their places, lands, and occupations as some countries submerged. If we do non halt the land remission in capital of Thailand, non merely Bang Khun Thian, but the whole chief city impart fall below sea degree.Credibility StatementA professor from Chulalongkorn University said that capital of Thailand is droping at twice the rove it was a decennary ago ( Trisirisattayawong, 2009 ) .A Dutch expert who has studied the state of affairs said, In few decennaries, capital of Thailand may non be habitable ( Haberman, 1983 ) .More than 50 per centum of the sinking has been caused by the tapping of groundwater by industry, said Dr. Sanitwong ( 2013 ) , manager of the Gio-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency.Preview of briny PointsFirst, I will exemplify the dangers of the land remission in Bangkok.Second, I will discourse why this catastrophe is go oning to us.Finally, I will propose how we can get the better of this job.BodyThe jobBangkok, the capital metropolis of our state, is promptly droping.Even worse, the gait of land remission has been quickened ( Trisirisattayawong, 2009 ) .If this tendency continues, most of our capital metropolis will be in danger of falling below sea degree by century s terminal ( Haberman, 1983 ) .Urban countries like Bangkok are vulnerable to set down remission, which is frequently destructive.Land remission can damage our substructures ( Tularam & A Krishna, 2009 ) . It can destruct our Rama bridges, our BTS, our MRT, our main roads, our railwaies, and our electric baron lines.Land remission besides amendss underground pipes, increasing H2O depletion. This can constitute a vacuity in the aquifer, which could do a prostration of land ( Hasan, 2006 ) .Land remission can do monolithic inundations like 2011 becaus e it increases inundation casualty ( Tularam & A Krishna, 2009 ) .PassageIn order to halt the land remission of our capital metropolis, we must foremost cognize what caused this catastrophe.CausesOur capital metropolis is droping chiefly because of exuberant groundwater pumping.The land remission rate is around 3 centimeter a twelvemonth in some topographic points in Bangkok due to over-extraction of groundwater ( Shaw, Srinivas, & A Sharma, 2009 )As we pump groundwater, the H2O that bears the dirt above is bit by bit removed, impacting the geologic construction. Hence, the land begins to lessen ( Tularam & A Krishna, 2009 ) .There is no prehend pricing policy in pull outing groundwater beyond sustainable output degrees, and hence there is over-exploitation of groundwater ( Suwal, n.d. ) . In Thailand, none of national bureaus is obligated for coordination groundwater resources ( Foster, 2008 ) .Overloading on the Soft Bangkok ClayBecause the quiet Bangkok Clay is about 70 per centum saturated, it is really soft, weak, and compressible ( Bhattacharya, 2013 ) .The land remission in Bangkok has occurred because constructions were built without sing the bearing capacity of the soft Bangkok Clay.The freight of the land surface rises due to building of heavy edifices, ensuing in the compression of the clay bed ( Bhattacharya, 2013 ) .PassageWe now know that over-exploitation of groundwater and overloading on the soft clay have caused the land remission in our capital. Then now, we must larn to work out the jobs.SolutionWe need to cut down the rate of groundwater pumping.Groundwater in Thailand costs merely approximately 10 ticals per one 3-dimensional metre ( Department of Groundwater Resources, n.d. ) .Higher monetary values for groundwater are necessary ( Bangkok State of the Environment, 2001 ) .We besides need to utilize groundwater and surface H2O conjunctively, or utilize more surface H2O if possible.Surface H2O intervention workss have a larger ca pacity. They are a batch more efficient in providing H2O to urban countries ( Mahmud, 2009 ) .Surface H2O intervention workss are fit(p) around the beginnings of surface H2O such as nearby rivers ( Mahmud, 2009 ) .If none of the solutions plants, we should in conclusion see relocating the capital metropolis as the brave out option.Some Thai environmental experts believe that traveling the whole capital metropolis to a higher land, for case one of the 16 northeasterly states, is the unaccompanied solution ( Kurlantzick, 2011 ) .Resettlement of the capital metropolis is dearly-won and time-consuming, but the safety of the new-made capital will convey benefit in the long-run ( Capitals should, 2012 ) .Decision think of of your place. You grew up at that place, you have spent most of your clip at that place, you feel the safest at that place. However, will your sweet place be solace there when you are at your 50? If the land remission in Bangkok can non be stopped, no 1 can atte mpt that your house will be safe when you are old. Even though land remission has been a serious menace to our capital metropolis, our governance has ignored this grave danger. We merely have few decennaries to undertake this job. direct is clip. We must maintain our eyes unfastened. We must press the authorities. We must deliver our places.MentionsBangkok State of the Environment. ( 2001 ) . 5 Land remission.Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific.Retrieved from hypertext imparting communications protocol //www.rrcap.ait.asia/pub/soe/bangkok_land.pdfBhattacharya, K. A. ( 2013 ) . An analysis of land remission in Bangkok and Kolkata due to over-extraction of groundwater.EJGE.Retrieved from hypertext careen protocol //www.ejge.com/2013/Ppr2013.163alr.pdfCapitals should be moved to Northeast, top scientist says. ( 2012, Feb 5 ) .The State.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Capital-should-be-moved-to-Northeast-top-scientist-3 0175186.htmlDepartment of Groundwater Resources. ( n.d. ) . retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.dgr.go.th/en/organize.htmFaculty of Geosciences at Utrecht University. ( 2010 ) . Rising sea degrees attributed to planetary groundwater extraction.Utrecht University.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.uu.nl/EN/Current/Pages/Wereldwijdonttrekkenvangrondwaterleidttotzeespiegelstijging.aspxFoster, S. ( 2008 ) . Siam Strengthening capacity in groundwater resources direction.The World Bank.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.un-igrac.org/dynamics/modules/SFIL0100/view.php? fil_Id=178Haberman, C. ( 1983 ) . Crowded Bangkok is droping under weight of its ain growing.The vernal York Times.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.nytimes.com/1983/05/01/world/crowded-bangkok-is-sinking-under-weight-of-its-own-growth.htmlHasan, F. K. ( 2006 ) . piddle direction in Dhaka.International Journal of Water Resource Development, vol. 22Kurlantzick, J. ( 20 11 ) . Time to travel Bangkok? .Council on Foreign Relations.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //blogs.cfr.org/asia/2011/11/09/time-to-move-bangkok/Mahmud, A. ( 2009 ) . Impact of urbanisation on land H2O.Research Project of Social Science 2008-9.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.academia.edu/8072864/ Impact-of-Urbanization-on-Ground-WaterSanitwong, A. ( 2013 ) . Thailand needs to move as Bangkok sinks faster.Deutsche Welle.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.dw.de/thailand-needs-to-act-as-bangkok-sinks-faster/a-16739739Shaw, R. , Srinivas, H. , & A Sharma, A. ( 2009 ) .Urban hazard decrease An Asiatic position.Wagon Lane, UK Emerald Group Publishing LimitedSrisuk, K. ( 2006 ) . unreasonable groundwater usage sinking Bangkok .Department of Environmental Quality Promotion.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.deqp.go.th/index.php? option=com_content & A view=article & A id=145382006-02-17 & amp catid=72010-02-04-06-14-10 & A Itemi d=43 & A lang=thSuwal, S. ( n.d. ) . Water in crisis Thailand.The Water Project.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //thewaterproject.org/water-in-crisis-thailandThai National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. ( 2002 ) . worldwide Information about Thailand.International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage.Retrieved from http www.icid.org/v_thailand.pdfTrisirisattayawong, I. ( 2009 ) . PS-inSAR measuring of land remission in Bangkok metropolitan country.Chulalongkorn University.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.sv.eng.chula.ac.th/attachments/article/84/ACRS2009_InSAR_GEO2TECDI.pdfTularam, G. A. , Krishna, M. ( 2009 ) . Long term effects of groundwater pumping in Australia A reappraisal of impacts around the Earth.Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation,4( 2 ) , 151-166.Warr, P. ( 2005 ) . Thailand beyond the crisis. Routledge Curzon, New York New yorkWater Environmental Partnership in Asia. State of H2O environmental issues Thailand. Re trieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.wepa-db.net/policies/state/thailand/thailand.htm