Teaching Philosophy :: Education Learning School Essays

Me as a TeacherAll by means of high school when I was debating my career I never considered comely a schooler, especially since the majority of my instructors told my classes not to generate instructors. My father is a civil engineer, and everyone expected me to become an engineer. Also, they had me convince that becoming an engineer was really what I cute to do. I started my freshman year at Bluefield offer College in the mechanical engineering field. I finished my first semester with straightforward grades, but I learned that engineering wasnt the career for me. My dearie thing in the world is history. It is always on my mind whether Im reading a book, watching it on television, or lecture to someone approximately it. So, I began to wonder what career I could elect that involved history. At first I thought I wanted to be a historian, but now I want to teach history to teenagers. I want these young adults to learn, appreciate, respect, and understand that hist ory is a very inte breatheing subject.Today in most high schools the teacher lectures in a monotone voice straight from the book about the chapter the class is on. When the lecture for that chapter is over most classes pull up stakes do a worksheet where they look up the answers in the book. Then they turn it in for an docile 100 and usually dont retain any of the knowledge. The beside day they review for the test where the instructor tells them every answer that will be on the test the students write the information down and hornswoggle it for the test. The following day they take the test, which is filled with lower-order questions. Most of the students receive an A, and the rest a B. Monday they start the next chapter not being able to crawfish a single thing learned in the pervious chapter.I plan to incorporate a variety of philosophies in my classroom. Essentialism brings the classroom spinal column to the basics. It is a conservative philosophy that accepts the t raditional social, political, and economic structure of U.S. society. Essentialists remember that not only should the classroom material be taught, but the teacher should teach his students moral values and intellectual knowledge that the students need to become good citizens.

Mersault and His Trial in Albert Camus’s “The Stranger” Essay

Is there truly any arbitrator in the novel The Stranger, written by Albert Camus? This is a question that course protrudes throughout the novel, as it is not abundantly clear what Meursault, the protagonist, was, in fact, set apart on exam for. At the beginning of the second part of the narrative, it is tacit that he is move on trial for the murder of an Arab however, it later comes to our attending that the murder was not the primary reason of his trial, and perhaps not charge an essential integrity for that matter. The fact remains that Meursault was undoubtedly put on trial, not for the murder committed, simply for being the way he was restrained through the eyes of society, which was represented by the jury.To the reader it seems wholly inborn that one should be put on trial, not for their personality, but for the damaging acts that one may commit to another person. Therefore, the idea is strongly engraft in the novel, as well as the mind of the reader, that Meursault was put on trial for murder. Nevertheless, throughout the course of the novel, it becomes app arnt that he was, as a matter of fact, not put on trial for the murder of the Arab, but instead, for acting in such a stoic publicner. Being the honest, frank man he was, he answered all questions in that same conduct. once Meursault had been appointed a lawyer, his lawyer inquired over the events of Mamans funeral. Meursault responded rather in cold blood when his lawyer had intercommunicateed him if he had felt any sadness that day, saying that he probably did applaud Maman, but that didnt mean anything.At one time or another all normal people hasten wished their loved ones dead. (p. 65) This quotation only demonstrates that he was unemotional. Now, one must ask the following question how does this relate to the murder of the Arab? The answer is simple it does not relate to the murder of the Arab. Being the representative of society, the jury opposes Meursault and accuses him of no t conforming to societys natural ways, and being what we nowadays refer to as the odd one out. They exclude him from society for his odd trig and sincere demeanor, and for his manifestation of an inexpressive character.Another example is the moment in which the magistrate, a local member of the judiciary having limited jurisdiction, especially in criminal cases, questioned Meursault. In this particular scene, the magistrate changes the topic rather abruptly from his love for Maman, to which he responded he loved the same as anyone(p. 67), to the murder scene. What followed was a vast discussion on Meursaults belief in God, which he felt rather apathetic about however, the magistrate, waving a rood-tree to his face refers to him as the antichrist (p. 71). And later, during the trial, the judge and the prosecuting attorney seem more intrigued by the fact that Meursault did not grieve at his mothers funeral and got knobbed with Marie the day after it, than the actual act that h ad been committed the assassination of a man. The majority of the witnesses that had been called only supported the argument of his callous nature, as they very(prenominal) well knew that Meursault was frighteningly candid, and could not, or would not, create a perversion of the justice to suite his trial, as well as his need for freedom.Throughout the trial he is constantly asked about Maman, and whether she ever complained about him, or if she had reproached him for having put her in the home (p. 89), to which both, the answer was an affirmative. After a while, it becomes apparent that they are no longer inquiring over the murder, but instead, over his mothers unfortunate death. It arrives at the point that the prosecutor declares The same man who the day alter his mother died was indulging in the most pitch-dark debauchery killed a man for the most trivial of reasons and did so in order to settle an affair of speakable vice. (p. 96)To which Meursault lawyer replies, Come now, i s my leaf node on trial for burying his mother or for killing a man? (p.96) This is the crucial point of the novel, as it is here that it becomes evident the consecutive reason for which he is put on trial. This is the key question throughout the entire trial, and the answer is obvious as the prosecutor firmly responds, so () I accuse this man of burying his mother with crime in his heart(p. 96) This is a rather profound statement that affects not only the characters in the novel, but the reader as well, rather intensely.Thus, it becomes palpable that society, in other words, the jury attempted to fabricate and impose rational explanations for Meursaults irrational actions. The fact that he was so straightforward and onest was disruptive and dour to their society as they were not accustomed to it, and therefore, they saw no meaning, which would then create chaos in their orderly lives. Meursault appears to do as he pleases, when he pleases, and therefore, follows no pattern throughout his life, hence, society becomes threatened by him, which ultimately leads to his execution.

Interest Groups Essay

first appearanceAs we all know in that respect are types of multitudes that are playing important role in the administration in the mechanism of governing body oddly in terms of decision making or legislative body. These groups are known as affaire Groups and Pressure Groups. Basically hobby group is defined as any collection of people unionized to promote a goal they share or to resist or so objective of the political relation of other groups. It is also defined as an organise group that tries to trance the governing body decisions without putting their members in regimenal position. date pressure group is an enliven group that exercises pressure on the government to regain laws, policies & adenosine monophosphate decisions compatible with their special takes. Basically pressure group is an amuse group with higher degree of involvement in politics.In Malaysia, there are various types of busy groups in baseball club to obtain the rights for what they represent. pursuance groups in Malaysia such National Union for Teaching profession (NUTP), The Congress of Unions of Employees in the do important and Civil Services (CUEPACS), Federation of Malayan Consumers Associations (FOMCA) aggregates and articulate training regarding to their respective delight in parade to allure the government decision based on their interests. However, there are disadvantages for the organism of interest groups. This bequeath be the mainidea of this assignment.Simplified Characteristics of engage GroupsSimplified Functions of Interests Groups1. Mechanism for Political Representation- The interests of the people are delineated in an organized way. It means that the people doesnt start to consumely go to the government but instead have interest groups to represent for them as the groups are established. It allows people to be involved in political dish up without be in a politica party for examples the NUTP, FOMCA and CUEPACS 2. Mediator between the Publ ic and the Government- This is a linkage function between the people and the government. The interest groups grant necessary tuitions needed by both the people and the government 3. Interest Articulation (voice out the interests)- They voice out interests based on their interest groups and also voice out any interest of the semipublic that is related to to their interests 4. Influence the Government- This is the main function of the interest group. They invite the decisions but have no intention to take over the government and makes sure that the government focuses on their interests. 5. Supplement Government Agencies(assist,enhance,help)- Conduct surveys and research to provide schooling to the government which the results will help government to adopt better public policies.Types of Interest Groups1. disoriented Group- separates from social norms, spontaneous (informal), often involves violence 2. associational Group- formal, distinct and established, effective procedures, active participants in political process. 3. Non- Associational Group- non formal, has identical characteristics & interests, reflect social/ethnic/cultural/ spiritual interests 4. Institutional Group- exists within the government, highly involved in political & social activities, lobby from within the government.Simplified Methods of Gaining InfluenceThe Demerits or The Disadvantages of Interest Groups* There are various demerits of interests group if it is non well managed and observed. 1. slightly of the rules used to gain influence dissolve lead to negative effectuate -Methods like Bargaining can lead to problematic effects because it is similar to lobbying whereby the public policy is influenced directly. It also invloves secret negotiations which is usually related to the issue budget. When this happens and if not observed condole withfully, the allocation of the primty can be wrongfully distributed. If it happens, the interest groups whitethorn misuse the a llocation given and the people they represented MAY NOT be included or the money wont be used for the better of the people they represent. -Another risky method is the method Propaganda. In propaganda the usage of mass media and other methods to spread information to the public is on a massive scale. If the information or awareness spread by the interest group is false or with confidential agenda, it whitethorn cause the people to be wrongly influenced or missunderstanding of the government policy. The people may retaliate for no legitimate reason which may cause damage to a peaceful nation. -Other than that, other methods like direct method like boycotts, demonstrations and strikes may cause commotion. This types of influencing methods are prone to be violent regardless of which party initiate violence first. -Indirect methods like being a member of parliament which is also a member of interest group may misuse his/her power in order to influence the governmernt decision. The mem ber of interest group is a spouse to a bureaucrat may also lead to the misuse of power in order to influence the government decision. For example if a bureaucrat has a married woman who is in an interest group, the potential of the husband to listen to every gather up to his wife relating to her interest group is very high. Not but that, it can be a bad thing too if a retired bureaucrats who voice NGO or other groups that have connection with junior bureaucrats whereby the juniors may listen to every request of their seniors. The juniors may provide confidential information of government policies to the retired bureaucrats. -Methods like illegalities may also be used especially in desperate times. Illegalities ranges from extortions, bribery, arson, blackmail and many to a greater extent.2. The existence of certain types of interest groups can produce adverse effects. -The existence of an interest groups like Anomic Groups which derived from the word Anomie meaning separation fro m social norms. Thisgroup is not a formal group. Usually it comes from dissatis evention of the people. When this happens, it usually involves violence. This type of group may produce protests, racial riots and so on in order for their interest to be placed.3. Biased-Interest groups can be considered biased because they are only prioritizing their interest or interests related to them. They do not really wish round other interest of the people as a building block and care about better policy for the people genereally. They just prioritize their interests. Information provided is one-sided.4. One Track-Mind (Runs Undemocratically)-The interests groups usually do not care about others interest and opininons. They also refuse to listen or to take care of other interest. They consider other interests or opinions are wrong. They do not let what others have to say or wants if it is contradict to their core interests.5. Pluralism (as in United States)-Critics of pluralism con lead that there is no such thing as the common good because there are so many contrary interests in society What is good for one person is often bad for others. They get by that the interest groups interfere with democracy because they seek benefits for a nonage of people rather than the greater good of the majority. The National Rifle Association, for example, has repeatedly blocked new gun control legislation despite the fact that a majority of Americans actually want stricter gun laws. Other critics argue that the interest group system is really effective only to sparing interest groups, which have greater financial resources at their disposal. Nearly two-thirds of lobbyists in Washington represent economic groups. Critics also argue that interest groups tend to ignore the interests of the poor in favor of middle- and upper-class Americans, who have more time and money to contribute6. Corruption-Corruption takes place in the interest groups whereby the bribery is donebetween the intere st groups and the interest provider (policy makers/government). In corruption, the bribery can be in many forms such as gifts and money. The bribery is performed in order for their interests being implemented. The irresponsible authority personnels will accept the bribery and in return the interest of the interests groups will be prioritized.7. Influenced by wealth-This can be explained by the more money or fund the interest groups has, the more tendency of their interests being prioritized is higher. determinationInterest group is basically an organized group of people that tries to influence the government without being in the governmental positions. Various methods can be or are being used in order for their main objective which is to influence the government in order to get their interests priotized. But, there are negative side which is the demerits to the interests groups. Bottomline is, interest groups has it own merits and demerits in order for it to function as an interest group. The demerits can be abolished with proper procedures and proper preventive measures. If not the interest groups may be useless.Resources1. 90% of this depicted object is study, aggregate and filtered from the notes made by Sir Fairuz Hidayat PAD170 Chapter 6 notes. 2. Another 10% is scouted, filtered, studied from the internet. 3. http//www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/american-government/interest-groups/section5.rhtml 4. http//answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110412030051AAPzyYE 5. https//www.google.com/q=disadvantages+of+interest+groups

Marketing and Powdered Energy Drinks Essay

I. Introduction Kings Food (Pvt. ) Ltd, the company behind LimoPani, saw the enormous market of flavoured powdered energy drinks with only few major players kindred Tang and Energile. In order to come out with a unequalled product in this market, they conducted a market research. In Pakistans in the main hot weather, lemon juice is traditionally consumed in weewee to bring home the bacon refreshment from the sweltering heat of the sun. You will often hazard thailay walas beneficial bus stops or populated places selling these drinks, locally termed as sikanjbeen or nibopani.Thus, Kings Food gave birth to LimoPani as a direct competitor of Tang and Energile in powdered energy drinks market. II. contender & Market Structure The major competitors of LimoPani are Energile and Tang. The market structure of powdered energy drinks is as follows III. Product Product Classification LimoPani is a shopping nigh(a) which transitions into a convenience good. We pee-pee classified it thus, because ? This good initially requires comparability with other like products in the market, e. g. Tang, Energile. ?It is non very(prenominal) low priced. Three Levels of Product.With LimoPani we are concerned with the core benefit offered and the tangible product attributes. Core Benefit LimoPanis core benefit undersurface be phrased as LimoPani is an easy-to-make instant drink which will refresh you in the Pakistani weather be it hot or cold developed Product ?Quality Quality has a direct impact on the products performance. LimoPani has been surveyed and claimed to be great tas buttg and very delicious. LimoPani is con attitudered to be a product of very high quality. ?Features LimoPani does not brook any extraordinary features since it is just a beverage and an edible peak which is consumed everyplace and over again.?Branding LimoPani as a tick report has been highly successful. This is because the target market responded easily to the word LimoPani which is le monade in Urdu. By using a trade name name which is understood all over Pakistan, the marketer brilliantly enlarged the target market, since the description of the product is in the product name itself. ?Packaging Product packaging is nicely d adept. It is distributed displayed well with sachets, leading to impulse buying. LimoPanis packaging contains sachets of 25g, the glass jars of 250g and 500g and tin cans of 1000g and 2500g.LimoPanis packaging can be rated higher than its competitors, on a scale of attractiveness since the colours used (lime green and yellow) are economic aid grabbing. IV. Price The determine strategy followed by SunSip is competition-based. LimoPanis marketers are pricing their product on the basis of similar products prices, especially those of Tang. The pricing comparison is headn below LimoPaniTangEnergile SizePriceSizePriceSizePrice 250 gRs. 55250 gRs. 50100 gRs. 15 500 gRs. 105500 gRs. 110350 gRs. 70 1000 gRs. 1901000 gRs. 190 2500 gRs. 4851500 gRs.2 45 V. aspire The sales distribution of LimoPani is great. No matter which place you go end-to-end Pakistan any neighborhood or locality of whatever class, you will find LimoPani at the shops. In Karachi, for example, you can get LimoPani from elite supermarkets markets like Ebco at the Forum, Aghas and Naheed to small shops and convenience stores located on the roadside and just residential localities. VI. Promotion LimoPani is being mass advertised, especially in rush time at the most watched channels of Pakistan in the first 2 years of its launch.Now, as it has become a well established brand in Pakistan, it is being moderately advertised. At the time of its huge apparent movement launch, it heavily targeted both electronic (TV and radio) and outdoor media. The launch TVC Caveman was implying on the old trusted form of lemon mixed with water, establishing LimoPani as a brand composed of natural ingredients. The follow-up TVC based on the Family was an hunting expedition to establish that LimoPani is meant for all age groups. Currently LimoPanis advertising conventionalism can be classified as a Flighting Pattern VI. attitude LimoPani has positioned itself remarkably well in the minds of the massive consumer base by created an ambit of a very high quality Pakistani product. LimoPani is the modern sprint of drinking the same traditional lemon juice during hot times, yet, its advertisements show that it is a product used by the entire family, young and old. It is not surprising then that, according to a research, many old housewives and women have actually shifted from making home made lemon juice and water to using LimoPaniIn innumerable retail stores, you will find LimoPani side by side with Tang and Energile, indicating that it is now considered a premium brand in the powdered energy drink market. It is being positioned as not just an individual consumption drink but also one that can be takeed to guests. Mothers give LimoPani to their kids as an energy drink housewives present it as a drink to guests young teenagers drink it like Coca-cola. LimoPani has successfully been recognized as a drink for all times.

Coexistence of Private and Public Sectors

saucy stinting PolicyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation, search For the Malaysian New eco zero(pre no.inal)ic Policy, see Malaysian New Economic Policy. Soviet junction This article is part of the series Politics and government of the Soviet fraternity &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212GovernmentshowConstitutionGovernment MinistriesState Committees executive director OfficerCouncil of Peoples CommissarsCouncil of MinistersCabinet of MinistersState CouncilPresidential Council communistic Partyshow communistic Party CongressHistoryGeneral Secretary PolitburoCentral CommitteeSecretariatOrgburo LeadershipshowLeadersPremiers CabinetsPresident (List) Vice PresidentCollective leadership LegislatureshowCongress of Soviets Central Executive CommitteeSupreme Soviet Soviet of the matrimonySoviet of NationalitiesPresidiumCongress of Peoples De cast offies Speaker1989 Legisl ative election JudiciaryshowLaw Supreme CourtPeoples CourtProcurator General Historyshow19171927 RevolutionCivil War19271953 realism War II19531964 Khrushchev Thaw19641982 Era of Stagnation19821991 Dissolution IdeologyshowState Ideology Soviet democracyMarxism-LeninismLeninismStalinism rescueshowEconomy AgricultureConsumer goodstail fin-Year political platformKosygin reformNew Economic PolicyScience and technologyEra of StagnationMaterial ratio provision SocietyshowCulture DemographicsEducationFamilyPhraseologyReligionTransportRepre ssion CensorshipCensorship of imagesEconomic repressionGreat purgeGulag systemCollectivizationHuman rightsMass killingsIdeological repressionSuppressed researchPolitical abuse of psychiatryPolitical repressionPopulation transferPropagandaRed Terror &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Atlas USSR Portal view prattle edit The New Economic Policy (NEP) (Russi an ????? ????????????? ????????, ???, Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Politika) was an stinting form _or_ system of government proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it state capitalism.Allowing some personal ventures, the NEP allowed refined animal businesses or kitty shops, for instance, to reopen for private profit while the state continued to view banks, un cognize trade, and large industries. 1 It was officially decided in the course of the tenth Congress of the All-Russian Communist Party. It was promulgated by decree on 21 March 1921, On the Replacement of Prodrazvyorstka by Prodnalog (i. e. , on the replacement of foodstuffs requisitions by strict foodstuffs tax). In essence, the decree required the farmers to give the government a specified amount of raw agricultural product as a tax in kind. 2 Further decrees refined the polity and expanded it to imply some industries.The New Economic Policy was replaced by Stalins First Five-Year Plan in 1928. Contents hide 1 Beginnings 2 Policies 3 Disagreements in leadership 4 Results 5 End of NEP 6 See also 7 Multimedia 8 Further reading 9 Foot nones 10 extraneous links edit Beginnings This section requires expansion. The NEP replaced the policies of War Communism. Whilst some leading Bolsheviks were opposed to it, it seemed incumbent due to circumstances to allow limited private commercialism in the form of the NEP. edit PoliciesThe laws sanctioned the coexistence of private and public sectors, which were incorporated in the NEP, which on the other hand was a state oriented mixed economy. 3 kinda than repossess all goods produced, the Soviet government took only a small percentage of goods. This left the peasants with a marketable wasted which could be exchange privately. 4 The state, after starting to use the NEP, migrated away from Communist ideals and started the modernizing of the economy, but this time, with a more free-minded way of doing things. The Soviet Union stopped upholding the idea of national izing sealed parts of industries. Some kinds of foreign investments were expected by the Soviet Union under the NEP, in order to fund industrial and developmental projects with foreign exchange or technology requirements. 5The move towards modernization rested on one main issue, transforming the Soviet Union into a modern industrialised society, but to do so the Soviet Union had to reshape its be structures, namely its agricultural system and the class structure that surrounded it. The NEP was primarily a new agricultural policy. 6 The Bolsheviks viewed traditional village life as conservative and backward. The old way of village life was reminiscent of the czaristic Russia that had supposedly been thrown out with the October Revolution. With the NEP, which sought to repudiate the old ways, methods were put in place which promoted the pursuit by peasants of their self-interests. However, the state only allowed private landholdings because the idea of collectivized farming had met with much opposition. 7 edit Disagreements in leadershipLenin considered the NEP as a strategic retreat. 8 However, he justified the NEP by insisting that it was a varied type of capitalism. He insisted that this form of state capitalism was the last stand for of capitalism before socialism evolved. 9 Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin disagreed over how to develop the Soviet Economy after the World War and the Civil War. Trotsky, supported by leftfield members of the Communist Party, believed that socialism in Russia would only survive if the state operateled the assignation of all output. Trotsky believed that the state should repossess all output to invest in capital formation.On the other hand, Stalin supported the more conservative members of the Communist Party and advocated for a state run capitalist economy. Stalin managed to wrest control of the Communist Party from Trotsky. After defeating the Trotsky faction, Stalin reversed his opinions about economic policy and implem ented the First Five-Year Plan. 10 edit Results rural production increased greatly. Instead of the government victorious all agricultural surpluses with no compensation, the farmers now had the option to sell their surplus yields, and therefore had an incentive to produce more texture. This incentive coupled with the adjournment of the quasi-feudal landed estates not only brought agricultural production to pre-Revolution levels but surpassed them. mend the agricultural sector became increasingly reliant on small family farms, the unvoiced industries, banks and financial institutions remained owned and run by the state. Since the Soviet government did not yet pursue any policy of industrialization, and did not allow it to be facilitated by the same private incentives that were increasing agricultural production, this created an imbalance in the economy where the agricultural sector was growing much faster than expectant industry. To keep their income high, the factories began to sell their products at higher prices. Due to the rising constitute of manufactured goods, peasants had to produce much more wheat to purchase these consumer goods.This decease in prices of agricultural goods and sharp rise in prices of industrial products was known as the Scissor crisis (from the shape of the graph of relative prices to a abduce date). Peasants began withholding their surpluses to wait for higher prices, or interchange them to NEPmen (traders and middle-men) who then sell them on at high prices, which was opposed by many members of the Communist Party who considered it an exploitation of urban consumers. To combat the price of consumer goods the state took measures to shine inflation and enact reforms on the internal practices of the factories. The government also fixed prices to halt the scissor effect.The NEP succeeded in creating an economic recovery after the crushing effects of the First World War, the Russian Revolution and the Russian civilian war. By 1925, in the wake of Lenins NEP, a major transformation was occurring politically, economically, culturally and spiritually. Small-scale and light industries were largely in the hands of private entrepreneurs or cooperatives. By 1928, agricultural and industrial production had been restored to the 1913 (pre-World War I) level. However, unemployment skyrocketed under the NEP and a wider gap was created between classes. 2 edit End of NEPBy 1925, the year after Lenins death, Nikolai Bukharin had become the first off supporter of the New Economic Policy.It was abandoned in 1928 after Joseph Stalin obtained a position of leadership during the Great Turn. Stalin had initially supported the NEP against Leon Trotsky, but switched in favour of Collectivization as a resultcitation motifed of the Grain Procurement Crisis and the need to accumulate capital rapidly for the vast industrialization programme introduced with the Five Year Plans. It was hoped that the USSRs industrial base would reach the level of capitalist countries in the West, to prevent them being beaten in another possible war. (Stalin entitle Either we do it, or we shall be crushed. ) Stalin proposed that the grain crisis was ca utilise by the NEP men, who sold agricultural products to the urban populations for a high price.An alternative explanation for the grain crisis (which is more popular among western historians)citation needed revolves around the focus on plodding industry creating a significant consumer goods shortage which meant peasants had nothing to spend their resources on, thence resulting in the hoarding of their grain. For Lenin and his followers, the NEP was intended as an interim measure. However, it proved highly unpopular with the Left Opposition in the Bolshevik party because of its via media with some capitalistic elements and the relinquishment of State control. 2 They saw the NEP as a betrayal of communist principles, and they believed it would have a negative long-term ec onomic effect, so they wanted a fully planned economy instead.In particular, the NEP created a class of traders (NEP men) whom the Communists considered to be class enemies of the working class. On the other hand, Lenin is quoted to have said The NEP is in earnest and long-term (??? ??? ??????? ? ???????), which has been used to surmise that if Lenin were to stay alive longer, NEP would have continued beyond 1929, and the pitch-dark collectivization would have never happened, or it would have been carried out differently. Lenin had also been known to say about NEP We are taking one whole step backward to later take two steps forward, suggesting that, though the NEP pointed to another direction, it would provide the economic conditions necessary for socialism finally to evolve.Lenins successor, Stalin, eventually introduced full central planning (although a variant of public planning had been the idea of the Left Opposition, which Stalin purged from the Party), re-nationalized muc h of the economy, and from the late 1920s onwards introduced a policy of rapid industrialization. Stalins collectivization of agriculture was his to the highest degree notable and most destructive departure from the NEP approach. It is often arguedcitation needed that industrialization could have been achieved without any collectivization and instead by taxing the peasants more, as similarly happened in Meiji Japan, Otto von Bismarcks Germany, and in post-World War II South Korea and Taiwan. edit See alsoEconomic calculation problem think economy edit MultimediaVladimir I.Lenin About Natural Tax (Text of the speech in Russian, discharge (helpinfo)) edit Further readingDavies, R. W. (ed. ) (1991). From tsarism to the new economic policy continuity and change in the economy of the USSR. Ithaca, N. Y. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801426219. Fitzpatrick, Sheila, et al. (ed. ) (1991). Russia in the Era of NEP. Bloomington, IN Indiana University Press. ISBN 025320657X. NEP Era jour nal http//www. d. umn. edu/cla/NEPera/main/index. php Nenovsky. N,(2006). Lenin and the currency competition. Reflections on the NEP experience (1922-1924),. International Center of Economic Research Working Paper,Torino, No 22, 2006 edit Footnotes1. Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor Anthony Esler (2007). Revolution and Civil War in Russia. World History The Modern Era. Boston Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 483. ISBN 0-13-129973-5. 2. a b c Service, Robert (1997). A History of Twentieth-Century Russia. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press. pp. 1245. ISBN 0-074-40348-7. 3. V N. Bandera New Economic Policy (NEP) as an Economic Policy. The Journal of Political Economy 71, no. 3 (1963). http//www. jstor. org/stable/1828984 (accessed Mar 4, 2009), 268. 4. Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution. New York Oxford University Press, 1984 pg. 95. 5. Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, pg. 96. 6. Vladimir P. Timoshenko, Agricultural Russia and the Wheat Problem. Stanford, CA Food Research Institu te, Stanford University, 1932 pg. 86. 7. Sheldon L. Richman War Communism to NEP The channel from Serfdom. The Journal of Libertarian Studies V, no. 1 (1981) (accessed Mar 4, 2009), 93. 8. New economic policy and the politprosvets goals. Lenin V. I. Collected Works v. 44. p. 159 9. Sheldon L. Richman War Communism to NEP The Road from Serfdom. The Journal of Libertarian Studies V, no. 1 (1981) (accessed Mar 4, 2009), 94. 10. Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, (New York Oxford University Press, 1984), 115. edit External links

Cardiovascular Review Sheet Essay

The side by side(p) enquirys lift to exercise 1 canvass the subject of lessen Tube Radius on gas Flow.1. At which rundle was the fluid take to the woods footstep the highest? 6.0 mm2. What was the melt rate at this wheel spoke? 1017.2 mmHg3. key out the relationship betwixt eat rate and wheel spoke size. The relationship between the point rate and the radius size is shoot with the formula full stop rate=radius to the fourth power.4. What happens to broth watercrafts in the body if change magnitude crosscurrent execute is needed? The blood vessels work out to increase the catamenia to where the blood is needed in the body. The following questions refer to Activity 2 perusing the Effect of Viscosity on Fluid Flow.5. At what viscosity level was the fluid flow rate the highest? 1.06. make the relationship between flow rate and viscosity. The relationship is inversed meaning a fluid that has a high viscosity has a slow flow be throw it resists the flow. Flu id that has a low viscosity will flow prompt because it is less(prenominal) foeman to the flow.7. Was the effect of viscosity greater or less than the effect of radius on fluid flow? Why? Less, the radius of blood vessels effect flow more because the large blood vessels accept more blood to flow through regardless of viscosity.8. What effect would genus Anemia have on blood flow? Why? The effect would cause a slump in blood flow because anemia causes the blood vessels to constrict.The following questions refer to Activity 3 Studying the Effect of Flow Tube Length on Fluid Flow.9. At what flow organ pipe duration was the flow rate the highest? 10mm10. Describe the relationship between flow subway system length and fluid flow rate. The relationship between flow thermionic valve length and fluid flow rate is when the tube length is shorter the faster the flow.11. What effect do you think obesity would have on blood flow? Why? When blood vessels lengthen, they cause a flow of bl ood to decrease, because there is only roughly 7 miles of blood vessel for every 1 pound of fat. When someone gains weight, the body has to produce more blood vessels which lead to change magnitude blood flow and high blood insisting.The following questions refer to Activity 4 Studying the Effect of blackjack on Fluid Flow.12. What effect did increased thrust have on the fluid flow rate? The effect that increases pressure have on the fluid flow rate is that the greater the pressure the faster the flow.13. In the body, where does the driving pressure for fluid flow come from? The driving pressure for fluid flow comes from the heart.Pump Mechanics The following questions refer to Activity 5 Studying the Effect of Radius on Pump Activity.14. What happened to the flow rate as the veracious vessel radius was increased? When the right vessel radius was increased the flow rate increases.15. What happened to the rate ( buffets/min) as the right vessel radius was increased? Why did this occur? dig rate increased as the right vessel radius increased because the beaker emptying time decreased.The following questions refer to Activity 6 Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity.16. At what stroke stack tested was the pump rate the lowest? 12017. Describe the relationship between stroke volume and pump rate. The relationship between stroke volume and pump rate is that as stroke volume increases, the pump rate decreases. This happens because this is an inverse relationship.18. Use the relationship in question 17 to explain why an athletes resting heart rate would be lower than that of a sedentary individual. An athlete has a high stroke volume than a sedentary individual, meaning the athlete ask fewer heart beats to achieve the same cardiac output.The following questions refer to Activity 7 Studying Combined Effects.19. How did decreasing the left(a) flow tube radius affect pump chamber fill up time? Hint Look at the change in flow rate and relate thi s to filling time. When decreasing the left flow tube radius to affect the pump chamber filling time is by decreasing the left flow tube caused by an increase in the pump chamber filling time.20. When the left beaker pressure was decreased to 10 mm Hg, what happened to the filling time? After the left beaker pressure was decreased to 10mm Hg, the filling time increased in response to decreased pressure in the left beaker. The following questions refer to Activity 8 Studying Compensation.21. With the right flow tube radius decreased to 2.5 mm, what conditions did you change to consider the flow rate back to normal? The conditions that I changed to bring the flow rate back to normal were the increase left flow tube radius, increase pump pressure, increase left baker pressure and decrease right beaker pressure.22. A decreased tube radius is analogous to atherosclerosis (plaque formation in vessels). Describe the effect this would have on resistance in the arterial system and how the h uman heart might neutralize for this change. Atherosclerosis causes an increased atrial resistance which causes the heart to compensate by increasing pumping pressure.

Differences between indentured servants and slaves Essay

During the advance(prenominal) years of the 1600s m whatever Europeans and Africans moved over from England and became oblige servants. indent servants were employed by wealthy people and were use mainly for tatty labor. Some types of labor consisted of working in the fields and helping farmers. or so the 1680s is when the employment of indentured servants slowly dropped. The reason for the drop was collect to the rise of slavery. This was masterminded by European and euro-American colonist who created a slave establish community. There were even laws that made slavery race dependent. There were near differences between indentured servants and slaves. Indentured servants were used for cheap labor. They communicated easily with their know due to having the same religious views and cultures. Indentured servants were under a slim down that banded them to their master for 7 years. Once the contract run out afterward 7 years they were freed.They were then allowed to acquire thei r own land. Slaves were likewise used for labor but there were laws that were put in place that do by them differently. One law they had was the Anti-amalgamation law, which outlawed interracial sex and marriage, rendering any relationship between a masculine colonist and a female slave illegal, and any relationship between an African American male slave and a female colonist intolerable. (Schultz, 2014). If an African American mother was to have a child, that child was born into slavery and and so made the child a slave as well, once he or she was old enough. The slaves did not have a contract that expired after 7 years. Slaves were permanently owned by their masters. This meant that their masters could avenge them any way he saw fit for anything they did wrong. There were also no laws that oversaw the killings of someones own slave. The reason I chose this content for my journal entry is because I did not know anything to the highest degree indentured servants. I did not k now such practice existed. I knew intimately slavery but did not have much knowledge about the subject until I read Chapter 3.ReferencesSchultz, K.M. (2014). U.S. History through 1877 (3rd ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook army database.

Laughter the best medicine Essay

A good sense of humour is one of the most important tools in your self-care kit. In fact, studies show that laughter affects both your torso and your mind. jape is similarly readily available, free, has no side effects, and you dont have to beat about overdosing. Moreover, its good for everyone around you too. And laughter can relieve stress, boost your immune system and take change your perspective on things. Stress relief. joke lowers your blood pressure and pulse rate and helps your muscles to relax. It counteracts your bodys stress response by lowering the stress hormones cortisol, epinephrine, epinephrin and dopamine. In addition, it releases happy chemicals in your brain, leaving you with a sense of eudaimonia or even euphoria. Increased immunity. Laughter increases the number of antibody-producing cells and enhances the effectiveness of killer whale T-cells. This blottos a stronger immune system, as well as less physical effects and immune suppression caused by s tress. Pain relief.Laughter increases the production of natural painkillers, thereby improving our tolerance to pain. Muscle relaxation. Laughter exercises the diaphragm, contracts the abs and even works out the shoulders, leaving muscles more relaxed afterwards. It even provides a good workout for the heart. According to the late Dr Laurence Peter, author of The Peter Principle, the big the laugh, the lower the tension and the more long-lasting the relief. Perspective. Humour gives us an only if different perspective on our jobs. By viewing a problem a little more light-heartedly, it becomes a challenge instead of a threat, and your body wont react with a stress response. This gives us a sense of mastery and control over our environment, which helps us get along with adversity. Distraction. Laughter diverts our attention away from our negative feelings like guilt, anger, and stress. Improved favorable interaction. Laughter is contagious. If you laugh, people laugh with you, ev en if they dont forever and a day know what youre laughing about. It connects us to those around us, and can even be used to ease interpersonal tension crack a joke during your next heated argument and see the tension operate away. back to topHow to lighten upRaise your laughter level with the following strategiesSurround yourself with humour. Watch a merrimentny movie, read a humorous book or a comic, or listen to your dearie stand-up comedian. When youre stressed at work, take ten minutes to read jokes on the Internet or listen to something silly on your iPod. Laugh with a friend or colleague. People tend to laugh more in social situations, so share the funnies with a friend. It depart strengthen your relationship and the contagious effects of laughter may mean youll laugh more than you otherwise would have. Look for humour in usual life. Why wait to look back on it and laugh? aim the humour in every situation, even the stressful and unpleasant ones, and get laid a good giggle now. Laugh at yourself. Poke fun at your own behaviour and idiosyncrasies. As the saying goes, Laugh at yourself and the world laughs with you. Comedian Bill Cosby once said, If you can laugh at it, you can survive it. With the improved immune system, reduce stressed, better make out ability and positive attitude that comes with laughter, you can survive almost anything too.

Analysis of the daffodils by Wordsworth Essay

In this verse the poet speaks to a friend or family part about a spectacular group of daffodils that he rec alls seeing when on a walk one day .The poet has an exultant tone which is writ large when reading this well-known poem. The report card is introduced with an end rhyming scheme which allows the poem to flow I wandered lonely as a cloud.when all at once I saw a crowd .The rootage of this poem is nature.The tone of the poem is shown by the use of joyful adjectives such as golden or fluttering this allows the poem to be light-hearted .Although the briny theme in this poem is nature, I believe another theme is relationships because Wordsworth seems to have an amazing relationship with nature , in the way he describes the daffodils and when he thinks of the daffodils his heart with pleasure fills and dances with the daffodils. The imagery in this poem is adroit and colourful due to the metaphors used Continuous as the stars that shine. In third stanza the poet talks of the w aves The waves beside them danced ,but they outdid the sparkling waves in glee this creates a prominent image of waves ,but this quote also proves how great the daffodils were .This effects the tone of the poem.The give voice Wordsworth uses is so brilliant that, with each sentence the image of the daffodils becomes clearer and clearer. This effects how I imagine the flowers. The sound pattern in this poem is includes many examples of vowel rhyme For oft when on my couch I lie, the o in a lot of the words slows the poem down, and it allows you to reflect on the sentence. on that point is alteration in this poem for example Beside the lake ,beneath the trees .Alliteration makes the sentence remorable and allows the poem to flow.

Geert Hofstede Organization Culture Essay

I. AnalysisE truly mavin of us already realizes and knows that we argon living in a global age. Technology has brought every wizard much close at hand(predicate) to renderher. This core that volume of contrasting gardenings find themselves releaseing together and communicating to a greater extent(prenominal) than than and more. This is exciting, but it cease excessively be frustrating and fraught with uncertainty. How do you relate to someone of a nonher culture? What do you say, or non say, to start a conversation discipline? Are in that location ethnical taboos that you need to be aw atomic number 18 of? Building connections with batch from virtu all in ally the world is just one diwork forcesion of cultural diversity. You bequeath withal need to factor it into motivating people, structuring projects, and developing strategy. Of course on that point argon so many question on our head how can we transform cultural differences? Are we relegated to learning fro m our mistakes, or argon there reason out guidelines to fol suffering? Fortunately, psychologist Dr. Geert Hofstede asked himself this question in the 1970s. What emerged after a decade of investigate and thousands of inter escorts is a standard of cultural diwork forcesions that has become an internationally recognized standard. forwards we talk about the theory further further allow us know more about Geert Hofstede deeper. Geert Hofstede, a widely known Dutch exploreer of culture, has defined culture as the collective program of the read/write head which speciatees the pieces of one group or category of people from another(prenominal). During 1978-83, he conducted exposit interviews with hundreds of IBM employees in 53 countries. Through standard statistical analysis of cock-a-hoop data sets, he determined patterns of similarities and differences among the replies. From this data analysis, he developed volt dimensions of culture. In the 1990s, Hofstede published resul ts of his research in publication Cultures and Organizations Softw argon of the Mind. initially he developed four dimensions in culture, but added a fifth dimension in 1991. Moreover Hofstedes cultural dimensions theory is a framework for cross-cultural communication, developed by Geert. It describes the effects of a social clubs culture on the protects of its members, and how these grades relate to behavior, use a structure derived from factor analysis.The theory has been widely used in several fields as a paradigm for research, particularly in cross-cultural psychology, international oversight, and cross-cultural communication. The original theory proposed four dimensions on which cultural values could be canvass individualisation-collectivism uncertainty barance occasion distance (strength of social hierarchy) and masculinity-femininity (task orientation versus person-orientation). Independent research in Hong Kong light-emitting diode Hofstede to add a fifth dimen sion, foresighted-term orientation, to cover aspects of values not discussed in the original paradigm. In the 2010 edition of Cultures and Organizations Softwargon of the Mind Hofstede added a sixth dimension, self-indulgence versus self-restraint, as a result of co-author Michael Minkovs analysis of data from the World Values Survey.Before we jump further, let us see what is the identification of culture itself in name of Hofstede termination, culture to be mental programming of the mind every person carries inwardly him or herself patterns of thinking niping and potential acting which were learned end-to-end their lifetime (Hofstede, 2005 p4). He identified 3 layers of mental programming that are individual, collective and universal. Based on these 3 layers he constructed his culture trilateral (see figure 1). The Individual level (personality) is focused on the mental programming exclusive to each person. Hofstede suggests that this level is at least partly inherited. The incarnate Level (culture) is focused on the mental programming that is learned from others, that is unique(predicate) to a group of people. The Universal level (human nature) is focused on all humans, and is similarly likely inherited instincts for survival et cetera.Figure 1 Hofstedes Culture TriangleWith access to people working for the same system in over 40 countries of the world, Hofstede collected cultural data and analyze his determinations. He initially identified four distinct cultural dimensions that served to distinguish one culture from another. Later he added a fifth dimension, and that is how the homunculus stands today. He scored each coun canvas using a scale of approximately 0 to 100 for each dimension. The high uper the score, the more that dimension is exhibited in conjunction.The Five Dimensions of CultureArmed with a large database of cultural statistics, Hofstede analyzed the results and found clear patterns of similarity and difference amid the re sponses along these five dimensions. Interestingly, his research was done on employees of IBM simply, which allowed him to attribute the patterns to national differences in culture, largely eliminating the paradox of differences in company culture. The five dimensions are1. Power/Distance (PD)This refers to the head of inequality that exists and is hireed among people with and without index finger. Power distance is the extent to which the less(prenominal) powerful members of musical arrangements and institutions (like the family) accept and conceptualise that power is distributed unequally. Cultures that endorse low power distance expect and accept power relations that are more consultative or democratic. A high PD score refers that society accepts an unequal distribution of power, and that people understand their place in the system. secondary PD means that power is shared and healthy dispersed. It as well as means that society members view themselves as equals. acti vity According to Hofstedes model, in a high PD republic such as Malaysia (104), you would probably send reports however to reach management and clear closed-door meetings where only select powerful drawing cards were in at tipance. PD Characteristics Tips gritty PD * Centralized companies. * Strong hierarchies. * Large gaps in compensation, permit, and respect. * Acknowledge a leaders power. * Be aware that you may need to go to the top for answers Low PD * Flatter organizations. * Supervisors and employees are considered almost as equals. * use of goods and services teamwork. * Involve as many people as possible in decision making.2. Individualism (IDV)This refers to the strength of the ties people relieve oneself to others within the community. A high IDV score indicates loose connections. People take for large ex consorted families, which are used as a protection in change over for unquestioning loyalty. In countries with a high IDV score there is a lack of interperso nal connection, and little sharing of responsibility beyond family and possibly a a few(prenominal) close friends. A society with a low IDV score would have strong group cohesion, and there would be a large amount of loyalty and respect for members of the group. The group itself is also big and people take more responsibility for each others well being.Application Hofstedes analysis suggests that in the Central American countries of Panama and Guatemala where the IDV scores are very low (11 and 6, respectively), a trade campaign that emphasized benefits to the community or that tied into a prevalent political movement would likely be understood and well received.This negotiation about how much a society sticks with values, traditional male and female person roles. Masculine cultures values are competitiveness, assertiveness, materialism, ambition and power, whereas maidenly cultures place more value on relationships and quality of life. In masculine cultures, the differenc es surrounded by sex roles are more dramatic and less fluid than in feminine cultures where men and women have the same values show modesty and caring. High MAS scores are found in countries where men are anticipate to be tough, to be the provider, and to be assertive. If women work outside the home, they tend to have separate professions from men. Low MAS scores do not reverse the sexual practice roles. In a low MAS society, the roles are simply blurred. You see women and men working together equally across many professions. men are allowed to be sensitive, and women can work hard for professional success.Application lacquer is highly masculine with a score of 95, whereas Sweden has the lowest measured value (5). According to Hofstedes analysis, if you were to open an office in Japan, you might have greater success if you appointed a male employee to lead the team and had a strong male contingent on the team. In Sweden, on the other hand, you would aim for a team that wa s balanced in call of skill rather than gender.MAS Characteristics TipsHigh MAS * Men are masculine and women are feminine. * There is a well-defined distinction between mens work and womens work. * Be aware that people may expect male and female roles to be distinct. * Advise men to avoid discussing emotions or making emotionally based decisions or arguments. Low MAS * A adult female can do any social occasion a man can do. * Powerful and prospered women are admired and respected. * Avoid an old boys club mentality. * Ensure theorize design and practices are not discriminatory to gender * Treat men and women equally.4. Uncertainty/Avoidance Index (UAI)This relates to the degree of solicitude that society members feel when in uncertain or unknown situations. High UAI-scoring nations try to avoid ambiguous situations whenever possible. It reflects the extent to which members of a society attempt to cope with anxiety by minimizing uncertainty. People in cultures with high uncerta inty avoidance tend to be more emotional. In contrast, low uncertainty avoidance cultures accept and feel comfort able in unstructured situations or changeable environments and try to have as few rules as possible. People in these cultures tend to be more pragmatic, they are more tolerant of changeThey are governed by rules and order and they seek a collective truth. Low UAI scores indicate that the society enjoys novel events and values differences. There are very few rules, and people are encouraged to discover their own truth.Application Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions imply that when discussing a project with people in Belgium, whose country scored a 94 on the UAI scale, you should investigate the various options and then pitch a limited number of choices, but have very circumstantial information available on your contingency and risk plans. (Note that there will be cultural differences between French and Dutch speakers in Belgium.)5. dogged Term Orientation (LTO)This is th e fifth dimension that Hofstede added in the 1990s, after finding that Asian countries with a strong link to Confucian philosophy acted otherwise from Western cultures. In countries with a high LTO score, de watchring on social obligations and avoiding passing play of face are considered very important. This refers to how much society values long-standing as opposed to short-term traditions and values. It describes societies time horizon. Long-term oriented societies attach more importance to the future. They foster pragmatic oriented towards rewards, including persistence, saving and capacity for adaptation. In short term oriented societies, values promoted are related to the past tense and the present, including steadiness, respect for tradition, preservation of ones face, reciprocation and fulfilling social obligations.Application According to Hofstedes analysis, people in the United States and United country have low LTO scores. This suggests that you can pretty much expec t any intimacy in this culture in terms of creative expression and novel ideas. The model implies that people in the U.S. and U.K. dont value tradition as much as many others, and are therefore likely to be willing to help you execute the most innovative plans as long as they get to participate fully. (This may be surprising to people in the U.K., with its associations of tradition.) LTO Characteristics TipsHigh LTO * Family is the basis of society. * Parents and men have more authority than young people and women. * Strong work ethic and high value placed on education and training. * Show respect for traditions. * Do not display extravagance or act frivolously. * Reward perseverance, loyalty, and commitment. Low LTO * advance of equality. * High creativity, individualism. * Treat others as you would like to be treated. * Self-actualization is sought. * Expect to live by the same standards and rules you create. * Be respectful of others. * Do not swerve to introduce necessary changes.The latest one that has just been added by Geert itself is pampering versus restraint (IVR) The extent to which member in society tries to visit their desires and impulses. Whereas effete societies have a tendency to allow relatively free rapture of basic and natural human desires related to enjoying life and having fun, restrained societies have a conviction that such gratification needs to be curbed and set by strict averages.II. ImplicationAfter the publications of the theory I oddly directly know the evidence that organization or family are different from each other, we used to believe that deep inside all people everywhere anytime are the same. In fact, as we are generally not aware of other countries cultures, we tend to minimize cultural differences. This leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretation between people from different countries. Instead of the convergence phenomena, cultural differences are whitewash significant today and diversity tends to incre ase. The in order to be able to have respectful cross-cultural relations, we have to be aware of these cultural differences. So here I would like to analyze of those 5-dimension theory of Geert Hofstede and also the spirit of leadership in the application of my community, organization, and family. First, regarding to the power or hierarchy, I can see that the organization even family I had now is got very high score of power or hierarchy. Asian country particularly south East Asia country included Indonesia widely known as the east part of the world has very long hierarchy mould in organization.It needs to follow so much unbiased rules and regularisation that never existed in western country. Another subject in my organization or family is centralized meaning the leader is everything the leader in a group or family (parents, father oddly) can do what they want. They take control of every single thing and execute all of things that they think it is right to be executed. The leader power here is also get haemorrhoid of acknowledgements of power also compensation, authority, and respect in the way they behave in the community. And not many things you can authentically do over there unless you have top Harvard quality student of opinion or sight. Second, it is regarding to the individualism. This individualism model can be positive or negative.Its position is more in the between good and bad, depends on the assign that an individual face. widely known in Indonesia that it has relatively low score. Indonesia as part of the eastern country world is very low on facing the condition of being individual. It also here in my organization and family where the entire member included leader and sub ordinaries are not very free-living in terms of individual peoples eye. They here one hundred percent have substanceity in suppress feelings and emotions to work in harmony Besides that tradition are the main raiment of my community to be respected even it cost slow changes.This thing is also inter-related with showing respect for age and wisdom. Another good thing about having low individualism is the willing of my mates in emphasizing on building skills and becoming master or pro of a specific skill on something detail. They also have very high appreciation of intrinsic rewards. Lastly what I have been seeing in the community I have been involved in that they unfeignedly withstand the understructure of harmony in the community even it needs to scarify the honesty.Third thing is masculinity. Once again as the historical and geographic background of most Indonesian majority is Islamic people which really praise the superiority of men. Same also with the minority, Chinese people of Indonesian really put more eyes on men compared to women. Men in Indonesia can be said has higher status than the women. They are different from each other. Both men and women is really distinguish and well defined in work, job, attitude, and behavior in t he neighborhood. Some people really praise this condition so they really have high mind-set on putting men over women which men advised is really being a high terminology on discussing emotion or making emotionally based argument even decision. Fourth, regarding to the uncertainty method, what I face in my organization or family is really in between. I really mean that it is in the middle, not really high not even low. But somehow if it is calculated deeply I can conclude it is more on the low side with the comparison of 6040 for low uncertainty.I can say it is low because there is some informal business attitude in executing the activities in family even organization. They act not really formal like in army but it is more enjoyable and fun but quieten serious. Then another why I say it is informal that in the main the organization mates do not really impose rules or structure unnecessarily. Besides that also can be seen there is minimization in controlling emotional response by being take root and contemplating situations before speaking. Las thing is people do not really aghast(predicate) of expressing curiosity when some differences or irrelevant concept found. Another support condition but not I found which also fabricate the 40 percent disagreement are there are more concern with long term strategy than what is happening on a daily basis and also accepting of change and risk.Both thing are merely founded in my organization, they prefer to be stick on what have drawn before. Fifth is regarding to the long-term orientation that has been just added by Geert. This condition is 100 percent high. Easily founded everywhere not only in my organization and family that family, family, and family is based on everything in the society. It should be on the top of priority compared to another element in the society. In the family itself parents especially has absolute power and authority compared another member which also another member without demanded give re spect for tradition terms. Another thing that the terms of an individual dis compete extravagance or acting frivolously is reaching cypher percent in behavior action that has high reward perseverance, loyal, and total commitment.This condition exactly leads to strong work ethic and high treasured placed on the training and education. Last method is just deep developed can be said not really playing important role but worth slightly to be discussed which is indulgence versus restraint. This is quite high in Indonesia that everyone needs to control desire and also impulses of what there flesh demand. In other word in organization, family, group, and also community that I have been involved in in Indonesia are being super strict to many traditional views of law and norm that exist in neighborhood which also the inheritance of the ancestor created and did. So being totally freedom as in the heaven is hardly found.III. ConclusionThe creation of this theory really become valuable f or everyone as there is differences between culture in family and also organization from one and other. Thus people can prepare for it. Another thing of this creation model theory can provide us the chance of demonstrating management competencies such as personal motivation, time management, organization and communication. The knowledge we get also important to evaluate and compare community, organization, management, nation, continent, and an era. Furthermore it is hoped that the skill and might gained from this paper can be added to rich our multi cultural point of view and be useful from high value consulting standpoint.

Nutrition Log Reflection

In addition to the deficiency of fats that I was consuming on twenty-four hours one, my milk intake was Daly rather suffering as hearty. Although, this TLD come quite as a surprise to me, because I black market to be lactose intolerant at times, and dont always necessarily lean towards foods containing dairy. However, since I have learned the importance of the bouncy nutrients frame in dairy products such as calcium, potassium, Vitamin D, and protein, I have immovable to take calcium supplements as a start.Also, I have decided to incorporate more lactose- free alternatives Into my diet such as low-fat cheese, and low-fat yogurt. In contrast to my apparently deficient Intake of join fats on twenty-four hours one. I seemed to eve do up for my lack at that placeof by surpassing my recommended intake by 24. 6% on daylight two. Needless to say, that could non have been good for my health, considering that the majority of the fats ingested that day were the non-good ones. My intake of total calories from saturated fats was mantic to be less than 10%, I exceeded the recommendation by 3. 6%.In parade to decrease the amounts of saturated fats that I drink up from now on, I am firing to choose foods with less or no saturated fat thereby dower myself malting blood cholesterol levels within a normal range, and decreasing my risk for substance disease. In spite of all of the negative aspects of the foods that I had consumed during the three days of logging, I am happy to say that there were a few areas that I met the recommendations of. For example, on day three, my atomic number 11 intake was scarce (and I say hardly loosely) 1 882 MGM, even though the upper arrange recommendation for me Is 2300 MGM.This was more of a personalised triumph for me, considering that I am well aware of the fact that I only need 500 MGM of sodium a day to survive. Nevertheless, I always purpose that I was consuming well preceding(prenominal) the upper point of a ccumulation recommendation, and was quite cheerful with my findings regardless. In addition to my lower sodium consumption, I was also happy to peck that my diet was well under the recommended limit for cholesterol, non only on day three, but all of the days.In conclusion, I found that this assignment was highly beneficial not only for my health, but also because of the pleonastic knowledge It tendinged me obtain to help me constitute and maintain a better lifestyle for myself. What stood out to me in particular were my fluctuations of total fat and saturated fat intakes. iodin of my goals is to try and sustain a honorable balance of the two, and making sure that I include more of the DOD fats that help lower OLD cholesterol, and help climbing HAD cholesterol.

Trojan Ad

mag advertise work forcets spend millions of dollars each year in order to develop opinions to convey their subject or to divvy up their harvest-festivals in at presents society. The umpteen disparate figures and set in society lead to diverse selling appraisals that capture the attention of m both individuals, divers(prenominal)wise known as, the consumers. It is imporburningt to rec either that the diverse preferences of the audience argon taken into consideration when devising a merchandise plan that would appeal to a huge range of sight. trojan horse, a ships company that foc usances on the sale of contraceptives, spends millions of dollars each year to sell their crossings.In their most current advertising running, trojan horse is act to sell their invigoratedest f each(prenominal) guy of condom, break. For this detail campaign, the marketing individuals promoting this produce decided to come out the differences amid men and bruisers by implying that men who procedure Trojan be considered to be true gentlemen while men who do non argon regarded as pigs. slice it seems that Trojan is suggesting the depicted object of cleanliness by the tradition of their condom, n angiotensin converting enzymetheless, they themselves be non clean beca populaceipulation of the meaning that they be conveying.The message commode the make grow advertizement is to show the perceptions of men when they rehearse or do non exercise Trojan brand condoms. The message behind this publicizing is to show that if a manly uses their brand found condoms, he is considered as a clean and respect equal individual, contradictory a pig, which is usually associated with dirtiness. The different characters in this campaign reveal the inexplicable meaning that the use of Trojan brand condoms would not damage or give away a mans study of existence honorable. The setting of the ad is placed at a beach, with a rather warm weather thus attr acting people to its warmness.The attendance of the beach consists of hexad effeminates, unmatched virile, and ten pigs. The fe virile somebodys, who argon all wearing revealing bathing suits, argon each being prowled by pigs. In the foreground, a female is sitting on a folding chair narration a book entitled, No clock time for Swine, whilst on her right side in that respect is a cutting pig which seems to be whispering something into her right ear. Also in the foreground, there is a female arduous to get a natural sunburn by lying on a towel on the sand, as a naked pig is taking a photograph of her with his cellular phone.Behind her is another female who is preparing to serve a volleyball, and at the same(p) time being watched by both naked pigs. On the left plaza ground of the advertizing is another female and a naked pig squeeze out sunscreen onto her back. In the background, a naked pig is pursuing aft(prenominal) a female in the water. There are several other nak ed pigs vagrant and surfing in the water. One other pig is sitting under an comprehensive and spying on the females with a twosome of binoculars. The formulas on each of the irritated and disgust constructions of the females show that the male pigs are not welcomed.Finally, in the center of the paradigm, there is a couple, a man and a adult female, guardianship manpower and walking on the sand. Their backs are facing toward the audience. The major difference between this couple and all the others is because of the female and male relationship. Below the contrive are the voice communication Evolve. Use the most presumptioned name in condoms each time. followed by the logotype name, Trojan Brand Condoms. With this representation of their product, what first gear comes to mind? Most importantly, what is the precise message that Trojan is aiming at the audience with their advert?Trojan is word picture society and media in all stereotypes. As entrust be mentioned, Troja n is revealing the nous and image of a perfect body type. Their view of a perfect and well-favoured person is envisioned in their advertisement as stately and skinny. Trojan portrays their consumers as nevertheless beautiful, when in fact todays society consists of all shapes and body sizes. Trojan is promoting the idea that sex sells, by exploiting the women as objects of knowledgeable behaviors, and promoting the idea of sex itself. They fasten on that their consumers all engage in sexual behaviors and therefore are required to get their product.They besides assume that once you use their product, the male allow gain the trust of the female. However, numerous interpretations plenty be cadaverous from this description of their advertisement. Is Trojan aiming to promote the exercise of their condom, Evolve? Or are they exploiting women by means of their representation in the advertisement? Are men really evolved after the usage of their product? Each of these questions can be answered with multiple analyses. First of all, the advertisement portrays men as pigs if they do not use Trojan condoms.This can be seen by the representation of only one male versus the ten pigs in the consentaneous of the image. The connotation of the word pig suggests that they are drab, fat, lazy, perverted, and ircreditworthy. This is contradictory of the view of man, whom in this advertisement, is portrayed as clean, handsome, masculine, sociable, and responsible. Compared to the pigs, the man is welcomed and current by the female. The pleasant and content face of the female suggests that she is comfortable with holding hands with the male and welcomes his presence.The other females in this campaign carry a miserable facial nerve expression because they have a bemire, perverted pig prowling next to them and invade their personal space. The word swine from the title of the book, No Time for Swine, refers to stout and short-legged animals such as pigs. The title s uggests that the female is not arouse in committing her time to that type of person. She is more than(prenominal) willing to spend her time with a real man, such as the one on the cover of the book. However, it is instinctual for the viewer to par and contrast man and pig at first glance.What if the man in the advertisement encompasses the same objectives as the pig? Is it contingent to detach the idea of a dirty sexual being to a smash and thoughtful individual? Another thoughtfulness that can be made astir(predicate) this campaign is the manner in which the marketing individuals represent the women. The purpose of the women is to exploit them for the intention of the objectification of the product. Each female is wearing a revealing bathing suit in order to be used as an object to absorb the viewing audience in.The muliebrity who is trying to get a tan is in a position that is resembling to when one is preparing for sexual intercourse which gives the image of tendernes s and readiness. Also, the female seems to be clout on the knot of her bikini bottom, which gives the view that she is ready to take them off. The woman who is being squirted with lotion by another pig also gives the impression of a sexual act, such as ejaculation. The facial expression that is being displayed on her face tells us that what the pig is doing is considered as revolting and unwanted.This represents a male who has discharged on a female when he did not use a condom therefore the male is unable to protect her and is considered to be a pig instead of a man. The women represent the idea of base hit sex. From previous observations, the women are discontent with the beings around them. The females do not trust the pigs because the pigs are not unhurt. In this case, not being safe means not using their condom. This brings in the question of the trustfulness of man and the product itself. A man who chooses to use a condom shows that he can be believe and is believed to be responsible.The words that pop on this advertisement Evolve. Use the most trusted name in condoms every time. is declaring a statement that if an individual uses condom, Evolve by Trojan, then he will be evolved from a pig to a man and is trusted. This infers that if you use the trusted name brand of condoms then women would be willing to entrust them with themselves. The thought that they will be safe and unharmed from any type of sexually transmitted diseases makes the woman feel protected. However, the representation of the advertisement comes into question.If their product is most trusted, what is the validity in their product when they portray women and men in such a manner? As it can be seen in the advertisement, the women and man portrayed here are all considered to be beautiful, according to todays standards. All of the females and male have some the same body shape and type, tall and skinny. Although the initial impression of the advertisement asserts the idea of beco ming a beautiful being, Trojan also seems to be only marketing to a certain type of people. This conveys a message to the viewers that only people who are beautiful are allowed to use this product.Men, who are stout-like and short, as conveyed through the pigs, are not considered as real men who do use condoms. Consequently, this advertisement exposes the idea of body image only beautiful people use the Trojan condoms. If Trojan portrays man as an animal, then it shows the synthesis that Trojan themselves have not unless evolved from their ideas. If they are able to come up with ideas such as these to convey to the audience, it shows that they have not yet evolved from being a thoughtless seller to a more evolved inventor to capture the attention of their consumers.Their idea of marketing to the audience is by using the theme of sex sells. If we are able to transform from such implications and move on to new ideas that better portrays society, then we are able to evolve into a new level. Every day, many industries are trying to develop new ideas to convey their messages or to sell their products to the consumers in the market. Some of these advertisements are sold to numerous magazines and television stations. Whoever the viewers may be, they all range from different ages, cultures, and body types.In order for a company to be considered as evolved, such as understanding their own view and also the consumers view, they first have to run into their reasons as to why and whom they are portraying their message to. They have to first dupe that their promotion will not be judged on a first look, besides also pertaining to its hidden significance. If they claim their product is a certain way, such as Trojan has claimed, then they should be responsible to uphold their reputation as a well as to how they have portrayed their advertisement as a whole.

Classroom Management and Child Friendly School System Essay

I. mise en sceneThe Depart make for forcet of training (DepEd), Department of loving upbeat and Development (DSWD), United Nations peasantrens Fund (UNICEF) and other minor agencies working in collaboration to attain the death in implementing the barbarian companionable civilize System (CFSS) in connection to the security of tikeren in indoctrinate. Their aim is to protect the student in both aspect of make funs whether it is from peers, pargonnts, corporation and even so from untamed instructors. Protect the churl from physical, mental, emotional and literal misapply.DepEd Memorandum nary(prenominal) 73, s. 2006 dated February 28, 2006 mandated the program of the Child-Friendly groom System. Trainings were through with(p) afterwards to fully grasped the aims of the constitution. DepEd suppose no(prenominal) 40, s. 2012 was re-polished and mandated the Child Protection Policies and Guidelines on protect take children to any(prenominal) form of abomina tion, much(prenominal) as force play, exploitation, discrimination, bullying, and the like with the full erect of Secretary Bro. Armin A. Luistro, FSC.In connection to this, pre steadntial Decree 603 of the Child and Y come forbiddenh Welf ar Code, was passed last 1974, and still adopted until in a flash which further supplements that our Philippine government supports the intent of the following agencies to ensure childrens safeties and guarantees that the rights of the children be properly impose by all men and that the children enjoys any rights they get down.However, this DepEd Order, Memorandum and Proclamations were sensation or a nonher misinterpreted, overused and misused. T present were difficultys met a broad the centering curiously in the descent of the teacher-pupil-stakeholders. These mandate likewise put a wall between them which seemingly affects the instruct- breaking parade within the classroom.II. Statement of the ProblemStudies install that the children now a day fuck off short attention span than of those children in the ninetieth century and below. Childrens entitle and condition is one major problem of teachers. Classroom guidances affectivity entrust only last in a short period too. Why is it so? Does DepEd Order no 40, s. 2012, DepEd Memorandum No. 73, s. 2006 and presidential Decree 603 has cracking collision to childrens misbehaviors? How agencies promoting childs breastplate do affect the classroom postulatement? If at that place were loopholes in the guidelines and policies, how go out the teacher implement retaliate without violating any rules?III. tail assemblyvass Related Literature (RRL) record (Proverbs 311 Proverbs1324 Proverbs 2312-13) Towards A Child Friendly Education surroundings, PWU-CWC-UNICEF for Plan Philippines in 2009 Family Code Presidential Decree 603 DepEd Memorandum no. 73, s. 2006 DepEd Order no. 40, s. 2012IV. Discussion &type A digestThe oldest book in the world and the well-nigh reliable one is the Bible. The book also expressed the surface about disciplining children. It was scripted in the scriptures in Proverbs 311 1324 2312-13, it tell that p arnts should non sp be the gat when boastful discipline so that children impart enjoy that they start out get ine wrong and that every misconduct they pass on committed thither is al shipway a punishment for it. The Bible also teaches us to disciple our children in order for them to direct the correct determine which finally mold them as they grow. As our government supports the anti child laugh at impartialitys, there were pros and cons to this issue.Disciplinarians didnt agree such(prenominal) supply because it makes a child brat, narcissistic and disrespectful. When Filipinos embraced the western culture, our new generation changes their way of life. Filipino value were deteriorating. Eventually, teachers to this extent, take up sternly time in managing their pupils in the class room. present ar the questions asked to the respondents done in random, regarding the issue for the aspiration of gathering data, information and insights 1. What do you compute of the Child Friendly School System program of the Department of Education? 2. How will you access the reli business leader of the Child Protection Law? How about the modern Delinquent? 3. Are you amenable in respecting the rights of the child? Why? 4. What is your point of make in disciplining a child?5. world a pargonnt/teacher, how would you like to discipline a child? 6. Do you think there is a need to discipline a child with a rod in order to have practiced breeding? Why?Traditional educators were non sold out to this because they said and have experienced that teaching children is neer without punishment. penalization became an option to pupils who doesnt want to learn and follow instruction as well. As to Modern educators, erudition among children is easier if done with fun. both generati ons of educators have one common name and address to teach the children to learn and mold them to start out a skinny citizen of the landed estate and lastly to the world. But what is happening to our society now?Why even young kids were obscure in crimes?Does the Department of Education have to do with it? If so, In what argona of learning and molding does educators failed? Are educators solely to b littleed? In some ara, YES here are some possible reasons 1) Maybe because value taught did not penetrate deeply to the moral sense of their pupils. 2) Maybe because teachers are just teaching the subject for the sake of teaching the subject. or . 3) Maybe because the teacher himself is not an useful values teacher.Can we also blest the parents? For a great reason, YES A child learns his entire first at home. stolon word, first vocabulary, first love, trust and respect, and the like. Parents genes gallop through in the blood of the child too. thitherfore, parents must take t heir part to begin the skinny learning of their children. Because surveys found out that home environment has a great impact to the childs values formation and how they pass water their out visualise in life. In molding the child, parents, teachers, and as well as the government would unquestionably take part in molding the child.But of all the collaboration, why are children hard to handle in the classroom? Why does teachers keeps on finding ways and means, apply learning styles and strategies to manage the pupils in the classroom? To the point that if the teachers cannot handle them longer, even to the extended patience, teachers will rather choose to just sit down and time lag for dismissal than to reprimand, punish and discipline the learners. Teachers dont mind any more(prenominal) ruinous attitudes of the pupils instead of disciplining thus because of the child-friendly system. Why is it so?Parents now are fix more on how much money they can get/ask for moral molest if their child were scolded instead of working together to show respect to authority. Thats why teachers push themselves away to manage the classroom because of this kind of situations. But in paleness to parents, they are only protecting their children in this case because there were instances of abuses done by teachers or in the shoal premises.Here are samples of abusesA. physical, oral and sexual abuse and violence inflicted by Teachers & new(prenominal) School Personnel a. 3 out of 10 children in Grades 1-3 and almost 5 out of 10 from tall railtime experience physical violence (such as pinching and hitting) committed by teachers b. Approximately 4 out of 10 children in Grades 1-3 and 7 out of 10 in high grade levels have complained of verbal abuse by their teachers c. 36.53 % of children in Grades 4-6 and 42. 88% of high aim students surveyed indicated they have experienced verbal sexual violence in school and 11.95% of children in Grades 4-6 and 17.60% of high scho ol students have experienced unlike touching.B. Physical, Verbal and intimate Abuse and Violence Among Children , (i.e. Bullying, etc.) a. 73.58% of children in Grades 4-6 and 78.36% in high school surveyed in urban areas have suffered verbal abuse violence from their peers b. 30.17% of children in Grades 4-6 and 37.57% in high school surveyed in rural areas have experienced physical abuse or violence committed by their peers c. 26.74% of children in Grades 4-6 and43. 71% in high school in urban areas surveyed have experienced verbal sexual abuse committed by their peers and9.65% of Grades 4-6 and 17.71 of high school students experienced inappropriate touching. Source Towards A Child Friendly Education Environment, PWU-CWC-UNICEF for Plan Philippines in 2009Who would want to experience such abuse? Nobody So, with these trending phenomenons, as parents, the safety of their children is a must before preventing it to happen to them. With regards to teachers, cruel teachers, are now aware of their conducts inside the classroom or in the school premises and also in the style of disciplining their pupils. Even community today, is concern of these laws that surely helps it locomote possible. It is all known to men that every law made are for the benefits and the good of the concerned, and yet, there is no consummate(a) law except the law of the master written in the Holy Bible. Hence, here are some good side of this Child Protection Law and the Child Friendly School System1. abuses among school children are minimize2. bullying were controlled3. everybody, especially the media are concern of the rights and privileges of the child which was not effrontery emphasis before and 4. Parents are comfortable enough that their children are cover by the government through prosecute the laws. As part of the saying there is no perfect law there are also loopholes in these provisions which unknowingly created bad outcomes and new problems in the implementation, such as 1. created ill-mannered pupils/less values/misconducts2. teachers were maltreat by the parents and not respected by children and even the community 3. privacy of teachers were not kept 4. biblical quotes in imposing discipline were ignored and the worst, 5. teachers seems to detached themselves in the very purpose of why they are teaching children in their classroom to avoid conflicts and cases filed against them in the long run.With this kind of attitude among teachers, the teaching-learning process is not delivered well. Teachers will only recognize those pupils who will follow his/her instructions. He/she will kick upstairs those who are not naughty. Teachers will no longer try the best of their ability to teach and mold young minds because they are afraid they might not control their temper and unfortunately touched a child, but the aim is to disciple alone, resulted conflicts and problems among him/her with the stakeholders. Because harmonise to the law, a child is never wron ged and would never tell lies. Is that so? How about children qualification stories, are they reliable? There are children getting involved in crimes.There are children using drugs. There are children killing children. Are these kinds of children exempted by the law? Law makers should give a sustain look at this. Who is wrong then? Is it the teachers? Is it the parents? Is it the Law? Everybody is after for the good and the melioration of the children, but what is happening today in the real world of learning, children now a day are hard to manage because the child friendly school system adopted and bench marked by the Department of Education from other countries educational project, which was supported by our Philippine government.V. Conclusions & RecommendationsI strongly believe in the Holy Scripture in the teaching about disciplining our children. If we spare the rod, we tolerate their mistakes. But, we wont hit them in such a way that it will create problem and hesitation for them to learn. Disciplining our children, our pupils, with love having the conclusion to let them realize their mistake and eventually regrets for doing such. No human universe would like to see children suffering from any harm. No one in his good state of mind would abuse a child. Children are gifts from God so we have to nurture and give the best learning we could give in order for them to become a good citizen, with good moral values as they grow up. However, as they grow old they need to be scolded, reprimand and even be punish if needed so that they will not depart themselves in the teaching which was given to them.It will guide them to choose good over bad. I am in favor of talent punishment to school children especially in lower grades and should be carried on, because it will help them become lovers of honor and peace. BUT giving punishment should not go beyond what the law provides. Parents and teachers should work hand in hand in order to produce young minds with c oncern for fellow men and for the good of our country as well. I just apprehend that the laws and provisions in promoting the welfare of our juvenility and children will be overused or misinterpreted. I also hope that our government will also provide protection to teachers who were abused by the parents because there were some cases where parents are using their children to make stories against a original teacher. Finally, classroom management is easier to handle if there is collaboration between the parents and teachers in giving JUST and FAIR punishment to the learners to look into more learning in a managed classroom learning situation.

Is Competition Good

check into of Industrial Organization 19 3748, 2001. 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 37 Is opposeation Such a Good liaison? Static Ef? ciency versus Dynamic Ef? ciency ensure BLAUG University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract. This authorship addresses the balancenale for antitrust legislation. It is a spelectroconvulsive therapyacular feature that the legitimacy of antitrust integrity has been featuren for tending(p) in the joined States invariably since the Sher firearm Act of 1890 and, until the advent of the interrogatoryable Chicago School, it was tied(p) saturnine taken for granted by conservative Ameri send out economists.Europeans, on the other hand, adopt invariably been warm round legal action against trusts and cartels and this situation is found re arrive at across the political spectrum in nearly European countries. N of totally timetheless, in few(prenominal) the U. S. A. and Europe, the ultimat e fairi? cation for antitrust faithfulness derives from sparing doctrine regarding the bene? cial do of emulation. merely what exactly be these bene? cial rigs and how trustworthy(p) is the pithion of economists that tilt is al focal points superior(prenominal) to monopoly?Surprisingly complete, controversy, that central c oncept of economic science, is astray mis under(a)stood by whatever(prenominal)(prenominal) economists, twain as a market phenomenon and as an organizing convention of economic reasoning. I. A minuscule History of Thought I perplex by drawing what I trust is a unsounded distinction in the history of economic science, as far bear out as spell smith or correct William Petty, between two distinguishable nonions of what is meant by contest, namely, emulation as an end- relegate of nap in the rivalry between buyers and sellers and rivalry as a process of rivalry that whitethorn or whitethorn non terminate in an end- disk operat ing system.In the end-state macrocosm of proportionality, the focus of attention is on the character of the symmetry state in which the contest between transacting agents is ? n on the undividedy resolved if on that point is erudition of exchange at tout ensemble, it is change in the feel of a tonic nonmoving proportionality of endogenous variables in retort to an altered order of exogenous variables hardly comparative statics is still an end-state designing of economic science. However, in the process founding of emulation, what is in the cozy up of analysis is non the humanity of equilibrium, s need rather the constancy of that equilibrium state.How do markets ad unspoiled when matchless(a) equilibrium is displaced by another and at what speed give these markets converge to a new equilibrium? nominated, surely, on the whole theories of tilt do some(prenominal)(prenominal) founding and st baron ar tied up together and to study unity is to study the other? By no means, however it is easy to show that, for centuries, ambition to economists meant an active process of jockeying for advantage, tending towards, to a greater extent thanover neer effectively culminating in, an 38 cicatrix BLAUG equilibrium end-state.Only in 1838, in Cournots numeric Principles of the speculation of wealth was the process vagary of contention solely displaced by the end-state conception of market-clearing equilibria. At ? rst this did not succeed in wiping the slate righteous when clean of an inte comfort in militant processes merely in the ten dollar bill of the mid-thirties those years of highschool possibleness as George Shackle c whollyed them the Monopolistic challenger variety and the Hicks-Samuelson rehabilitation of Walrasian usual equilibrium opening, forti? d by the new-fangled Welfargon Economies, succeeded in enthroning the end-state conception of opposition and enthroning it so decisively that the process g o out of competition was tumesce-nigh buried out of sight. Let me elaborate. It is a striking feature of the speech communication of The wealth of Nations that the term competition invariably appears with a de? nite or inde? nite article preceding it a competition between capitals the competition with tete-a-tete traders, and so forth.For smith, competition is not a state or situation, as it is for Cournot and for us, plain a deportmental activity it is a race the original sense of the verb to gravel out between two or to a greater extent individuals to dispose of excess supply or to decl atomic number 18 goods available in especial(a) quantities. What we straightwayadays call competition or the market mechanism was for him the obvious and plain system of native liberty, centre no to a greater extent than an absence seizure of restraints or ree entry into industries and occupations. N whatever competition nor monopoly was a press of the lean of sellers in a mar ket monopoly did not mean a single seller yet a situation of less than sodding(a) divisor mobility and hence inelastic supply and the reversion of competition, was not monopoly, neertheless co-operation. Producers in The wealthiness of Nations treat damage as a variable in accordance with the buoyancy of their sales, oftentimes worry endeavours in innovative theories of im holy competition.This was not a conception invented by Smith because by 1776, competition had long been analyzed by a whole series of eighteenth ampere-second authors as a process which brings episodic market m unitytary levers into line with cost-covering lifelike prices, those graphic prices were indeed the central price, to which the prices of all commodities argon continually gravitating, and in advanceing that Smith invoked Newtonian language to dignify a conception of price-determination that had a long custom red ink back to the s even outteenth degree Celsius. To obtain that end-state in which market prices stir natural prices and the rate of pro? is equalized between industries, t here had to be a considerable number of rivals, possessing everyday knowledge of market opportunities they had to be abandon to enter and exit different lines of investment besides that was all and even that a great deal was neer spelled out explicitly as requirement prerequisites for competition only once did Smith ever quote the number of rival ? rms involved in competition. It was Cournot who ? rst had the legal opinion of sellers facing a naiant imply twist around when their numbers pay back so overlarge that n unrivaled base in? uence the price of their own product.contention, which once meant the way in which ? rms take tale of how their rivals respond to their actions, now meant minute more than the slope of the average revenue curve depriving ? rms in the limit of some(prenominal) function to trace the price. Thus was born, decades before the b atomic num ber 18(a) Revolution of the 1870s what IS COMPETITION SUCH A nice THING? 39 virtuoso keepr has wittily called the quantity scheme of competition (quoted in Blaug, 1997, p. 68). Edgeworths Mathematical Psychics (1981) fol let outed Cournot in providing all the trappings of the new-fashi integrityd de? nition of meliorate ompetition in terms of a large number of sellers, a like product, amend mobility of resources and sodding(a) knowledge on the part of buyers and sellers of all election opportunities. However, marshalls treatment of the competition always carefully labelled as free competition was much pissed at hand(predicate) to Smiths simple system of natural liberty than to that of Cournot and Edgeworths absolute competition. change surface Walras hesitated to follow Cournot to the letter. Indeed, it was not until the 1920s that the unexampled textbook concept of improve competition was ? ally received into the corpus of mainstream economics, roughlyly due to t he impact of Knights sheer, Risk, Uncertainty and Pro? t (1921). tho it is headful whether the idea was in fact fully contained in 1921 and a good courtship can be made for the thesis that it was Robinson and Chamberlain a decade later who hammered down the surmise of utter(a) competition in the very(prenominal) process of inventing im undefiled and monopolistic competition speculation (Machovec, 1995). The replacement of the process conception of competition by an end-state conception, which was ? alized in 1933 or on that point more or less(predicate)s, drained the idea of competition of all behavioural content, so that even price competition, the very kernel, of the competitory process for Adam Smith, David Ricardo and tush Stuart Mill now had to be analysed as imperfect competition, a crystalize of deviation from the norm. Indeed, either act of competition on the part of a man of affairs was now taken as license of some degree of monopoly power, and hence a dep arture from the ideal of perfect competition, and in time pure monopoly ruled out competitory behaviour as much as did perfect competition. II.Perfect arguing, the Unattainable high-flown All I construct signalise so far merely reiterates what Schumpeter break in 1942 and Hayek repeated in 1949 perfect competition is not only insufferable still inferior, and has no title to be set up as a get of ideal ef? ciency what the theory of perfect competition discusses has little use up to be called competition at all and its completions are of little use as guides to insurance polity (quoted in Blaug, 1997, p. 69). save this message, delivered over a half-century ago, fell on deaf ears and the endstate theory of perfect competition is more ? mly in the saddle today than it ever was in the 1940s when Hayek and Schumpeter, not to follow John Maurice Clark (1949, 1961), were writing. And why? The answer is simple it is that most of us were taught that although perfect compet ition is rarely if ever attained, nearly-perfect competition is said to be observable in some markets (agricultural markets universeness a favourite example) and these contiguitys to the state of perfect competition somehow replicate some(prenominal) 40 kisser BLAUG f the preferred characteristics of perfect competition in a word, second best is so nearly ? rst-best that we may indeed employ ? rst-best as a standard. Open any textbook and what do we ? nd? The concept of perfect competition is said to be like the arrogance of a perfect vacuum in physics descriptively inaccurate, to be sure, but nevertheless productive of valid insights near actual economies. Thus, Samuelson and Nordhaus (1992, p. 295) in the 14th form of their economic science let that a perfect and absolutely ef? ient emulous mechanism has never existed and never allow for but the fossil oil crisis of the 1970s is only one of their many an(prenominal) examples of how an empirically empty competitiv e model can nevertheless produce the right answers to a concrete im short competitive situation (for other textbook treatments, receive Blaug, 1997, pp. 6970). This is littlely what Reder (1982, p. 12), called the notion of foul prior equilibrium, which he plan was characteristic of the Chicago School of economics one may treat detect prices and quantities as good approximations to their long-run equilibrium values.Call this the good-approximation assumption. Unfortunately, the idea of a near or far approximation to perfect competition has absolutely no legitimate meaning. We calculate conveniently to pee-pee forgotten the famous LipseyLancaster (1996) second-best theorem print in 1956, according to which we are either at a ? rst-best optimum or it studys not whether we are at second-best or tenth-best because we cannot strictly demonstrate that doing away with a valuate or a tariff that put us at tenth-best give bring us closer to ? st-best in a social benefit sense of these terms. This theorem has not been conveniently forgotten it has been by choice forgotten because it wreaks havoc with the end-state, ? rst-best conception of competition. m sure-enough(a)iness we in that respectfore cease to give ad frailness on competition polity? I sound take out not but what it does mean is that sooner of gnostic pronouncements to the highest degree the desirability of any move in the direction of ? st-best perfect competition, we must reside instead in qualitative judgements about piecemeal improvements, encompass a self-propelling process-conception of competition, which is precisely the old classical conception that Schumpeter, Hayek, Clark and modern neo-Austrians piss urged us to adopt. To grasp why it was necessary to revive this tradition, we must spend a act explaining why modern price theory is so strong on the nature of the competitive equilibrium end-state and so weak on the process by which competition drives a market towards a ? al equilibrium. III. The Awful Legacy of common Equilibrium possibleness When Walras literally invented general equilibrium (GE) in 1871, he was meet as much concerned with the process-conception of competition known as the stability trouble as in what we grant a bun in the oven called the end-state edition of equilibrium known as the beingness riddle is simultaneous multimarket-equilibrium possible in a capitalist thriftiness? yet gradually, in successive editions of his Elements of Pure sparings, the existence problem came ever more to the fore, mend the sta- IS COMPETITION SUCH A grievous THING? 41 bility problem receded in the background (Walker, 1996). Even so, Walrass view of how markets adjust in disequilibrium was always slenderly naive. It is a story which we all tick off in our ? rst course of economics in response to the appearance of excess demand and supply, prices adjust automatically as one by one acting buyers and sellers grope their way to a ? al equ ilibrium. When this tatonnement story is well told, it sounds abruptly convincing and at much(prenominal) multiplication we are apt to forget that many markets, particularly labour markets and customer markets, fight down faster in terms of quantities than in terms of prices (as marshal always insisted in opposition to Walras) and sometimes only in terms of quantities ( retard Blaug, 1997, pp. 7175). besides prices and quantities aside, what about product ifferentiation and competition by alimentation and service agreements, what about Schumpeterian competition in terms of new products and processes, new methods of marketing, new makeupal forms and new reward structures for employees? In shortly, all the forms of rivalry between producers which Chamberlain and Robinson stimulate taught us to call monopolistic or imperfect competition (the irony of traffic what cannot exist, perfect competition, and what always exists, imperfect competition, never ceases to amuse me . Walra s struggled manfully to provide a rigorous solution to the existence problem but never got much beyond counting equations and namelesss to ensure that there were enough demand and supply equations to solve for the unknown equilibrium prices and quantities in the scrimping. As for the stability problem, he solved that after much hesitation by simply eliminating disequilibrium proceedings as false trading (another wondrously ironic piece of rhetoric). Although he never mentioned the concept of a ? tional auctioneer announcing different prices until an equilibrium price is notice, whereupon trade is allowed to take place this is one of those historical myths that resultant generations pretend invented it is dif? cult to revoke the conclusion that he simply gave up the movement to provide a convincing throwaway of how real-world competitive markets achieve GE. Such an enumerate has in fact never been provided even to this date. In 1954, arrow and Debreu ? nally solved the existence problem by modern numerical techniques topo arranged properties of convexity, ? ed point theorems, Nash equilibria, etcetera of which Walras could never have dreamt but, in so doing, they traveled even further than Walras had from any amour smacking of descriptive accuracy there are forrader markets in their GE model for all goods and operate in the economy, including all locations and likely contingent states in which these goods and services great power be consumed, and even no one holds cash to deal with the likelihood that income and ingestion may fail to synchronize. They were perfectly unbiased about this failure to describe actual economies.Indeed, they made a virtue of the purely formal properties of their model. 1 1 As Debreu (1959, p. x) expressed it in his Theory of determine The theory of value is treated here with the standards of rigor of the contemporary formalist school of mathematics . . . . Allegiance to rigor dictates the axiomatic form of th e analysis where the theory, in the strict sense, is logically entirely disconnected from its interpretation. And yet this book claimed to be a employ in economics 42 MARK BLAUG They cracked the existence problem, not to mention the uniqueness problem is there one unique vector of prices at which GE exists? but they never tackled the stability problem. In other words, after a century or more of endless re? nements of the central core of GE theory, an use which has engaged some of the best brains in twentieth-century economics, the theory is unable to shed any light on how market equilibrium is really attained, not just in a real-world decentralized market economy but even in the meet economies beloved of GE theorists. We may answer that GE theory as such is a cul de sac it has no empirical content and never get out have empirical content.Moreover, even regarded as a research program in tender mathematics, it must be condemned as an roughly total failure. That is not to say t hat highly aggregated computable GE models, such as IS-LM, are gaunt or that a GE locution of an economic problem, emphasizing the interdependence of all sectors of the economy, may not prove illuminating but simply that Walrasian GE theory the notion that the existence of multi-market equilibrium may be studied in a way that is analogous to solving a set of simultaneous equations has proved in the fullness of time to be an suddenly sterile innovation.The real paradox is that the existence, uniqueness and stability of GE should ever have been considered an interesting question for economists to answer a complete satisfactory proof of all three aspects of the problem would no motion have been a considerable knowing feat in logic but would not in any way have enhanced our understanding of how actual economic systems work. IV. The well-being Implications of GE Of course, Walras hoped to show, not just that GE is possible, but that it is good. however here too he never got much beyond the idea that unpaid worker switch between two parties improves twain of their welfares otherwise, why would they have traded? What is true of bilaterial exchange allow for also be true of competitive exchange between a large number of traders if individual producers cannot themselves set prices, so that all consumers face like prices for identical homogeneous commodities. This is precisely where the notion of perfect competition as an end-state of rest comes into welfare economics grounded in GE theory.Pareto, who was a much better technician than Walras, carried on where Walras left off. He too was convert that GE is good for eachone but as a follower of Ernest Mach in philosophy, he hated such metaphysical ideas as maximising happiness, utility, welfare, or call it what you pass on, and he strenuously objected to inter individualal equations of utility (ICU) on the grounds that such comparison could not be operationalised.Pondering these issues, he get that the one circumstance that avoids ICU is a social state which meets with unanimous approval or at least(prenominal) with the absence of con? ict in which one person is only made better off at the expense of another person. In other words, we want a state which is so ef? cient that there is no surplus, no waste, no slack, no such thing as a free luncheon. just now is not perfect competition just such a state? Of course, it may leave some commonwealth well-situated IS COMPETITION SUCH A veracious THING? 3 and some citizenry execrable but that allow for be the consequence of the fact that we started with unequal endowments of the individuals in our economy some people are born clever and some people have rich parents but, presumption those endowments that are not themselves explained by GE theory no theory ever explains everything the GE model will munch out the rental prices of all the services of land, labor and capital as well as the prices of all goods, produced with thos e services. once we have somehow arrived at the end-state of perfectly competitive equilibrium, it will be impossible to make one person better off without making another person worse off except by busybodied with the initial endowments of agents. In this way, Pareto thought that he had ? nally found an admittedly narrow de? nition of the bene? cial effects of competition that was totally free of that rationalist bugbear, ICU. The idea, only later called Pareto bestity, fell into forgiveness as soon as it was proclaimed but was rescued along with Walrasian GE theory in the 1930s by John Hicks and Nicholas Kaldor.They extended the scope of Pareto optimality by arguing that any economic change, whether from a position of competitive equilibrium or not, was welfare improving if the gains to bene? ciaries of that change were large enough to enable them at least in principle, to bribe the losers voluntarily to accept the change. The existences of such potency Pareto improvement (P PI), as they are nowadays called, still involves no ICU because it is grounded on the voluntariness of market exchange.In short, Hicks and Kaldor (with a prodding from Lionel Robbins) stayed true to the Paretian conception of how an economist should study welfare economics. At ? rst glance, the HickKaldor compensation test does seem virtually to pull a coney out of a hat but further re? ection soon showed that the proceeding was semantic, not substantive. Why is it a potential and not an actual PI? The moment we try to implement PPI by promote gainers and losers to negotiate a bribe, they will engage in strategic bargain and even without fancy game theory, it is easy to see that they may never reach an agreement.If the change has political signi? cance, the state may consequently intervene to force the parties to agree in which lineament we have said bye to our taboo on ICU. No matter how we slice it, in the end we cannot avoid (1) a qualitative judgement from on high of th e size of the PPI remember that there is no objective way short of voluntary trade to measure the order of a gain or a loss to the parties concerned and (2) an interpersonal comparison of that gain and loss to the respective parties.But all that brings us back to Marshall and Pigou whose Economics of Welfare (1921) had none of Paretos compunctions about ICU and was perfectly content to declare that a pound sterling taken from a rich man by a progressive income revenue revenue hurt him less than the pleasure it gave the poor man when it was handed over to him. We have not quite reached the end of the story. The ArrowDebreu proof of the existence of GE in 1954 was almost contemporary with Arrows proof of what he labelled the first off and Second ingrained Theorems of welfare economics. The ? st theorem demonstrates that every competitive equilibrium in a decentralized economy is Pareto-optimal, which we have already discussed, and the second 44 MARK BLAUG theorem demonstrates t hat a Pareto-optimum can always be achieved via perfect competition if lump-sum taxes and transfers are feasible, so that whatever were the original endowments of agents, we can still make everyone better off with a perfectly competitive economy. Immense pains are taken in every textbook of microeconomics to persuade readers of the validity of those two theorems.And they are valid as mathematical exercises. Lump-sum taxes and transfers are changes which do not affect economic behaviour and even the most slick modern welfare economists have never been able to come up with a convincing example of such things. 2 I think that we may safely conclude that the commencement ceremony and Second Fundamental Theorems of welfare economics are just mental exercises without the slightest possibility of ever being practically relevant.They are what Ronald Coase (1988) called blackboard economics, an economics that is easy to write on a blackboard in a classroom but that bears no analogy to the world outside the classroom. V. Why Is Competition Good? I contend that perfect competition is a grossly misdirect concept whose only real value is to generate examination questions for students of economics. 3 It is direct because it breeds the view that economics is a typeface like Euclidean geometry, whose conclusion may be rigorously deduced from fundamental axioms of behaviour plus some hard facts about technology.But of course this does not imply that competition is bad. I, along with most economists, confide that competition is good. But if perfect competition is impossible, and Pareto-optimality almost impossible, what is the flat coat of this belief in the desirability of competition? It is based on a concept of dynamic ef? ciency, the egress of competitive processes, and not the static ef? ciency of Walras, Pareto and the First and Second Fundamental Theorems of welfare economics. The schizophrenic disorder of economists on this issue is simply extraordinary.The man in-the-street favours capitalist economy because it is ultimately responsive to consumers demands, technologically dynamic and produces the goods that are wanted at low cost of course, it also suffers from periodic slumps, more or less chronic unemployment even in booms, and often generates a highly-unequal scattering 2 They would have to be randomly assigned to individuals or else to re? ect some personal noneconomic characteristic, such as more consonants than vowels in ones last name.It used to be thought that a uniform poll tax was a perfect example of a limp-sum tax but as Mrs. Thatcher discovered it had a most profound effect on economic behaviour almost a million people disappeared from the electoral roll in Britain because the poll tax could not be collected without a home address. 3 I concede reluctantly that it has its uses for purposes of answering comparative statics questions on taxes and subsidies but even these have much less practical signi? cance than is usually presume (see Vickers, 1995). IS COMPETITION SUCH A GOOD THING? 5 of income. 4 Still, on balance the good outweighs the bad and without adequate Panglossian, he or she votes for capitalism and so do virtually all economists. But is this what we teach in our textbooks? To ask the question is to already answer it. Can one actually teach the principles of dynamic ef? ciency? Of course, one can and that is what we do in every course in industrial organization (and in every course in management schools), where, alas, we have to undo the brainwash that students have undergone in their courses on microeconomics.In so doing, we employ historical comparisons and vitrine studies, and these can only cultivate the ability to make informed judgements about speci? c attempts at what Popper called piecemeal social engineer, making the world a little better here and there, because we do not know enough to make the whole world best once and for all. VI. slightly Conclusions Coase and Posner Bel iefs in the ef? cacy of antitrust police force ? ts neatly into the concept of dynamic ef? ciency, or what Clark called possible competition. A question like should we break up Microsoft or just reprimand and perhaps ? e the confederation? does not lend itself to a precise answer by the edicts of economists and it is just as well that it does not. Empirical science frequently proceeds on the untidy basis of what is plausible rather than what can be formally demonstrated beyond any doubt. The structureconduct-performance paradigm of yesteryear, associated with names of Edward Mason and Joe Bain, did just that but that has since been superseded by game theory and transaction cost on the one hand and the Chicago School of Richard Posner and Robert Bork on the other hand. In between we ? d Ronald Coase and the widely misunderstood Coase Theorem as the very centre piece of the law and economics movement. Since this so-called inappropriately named theorem picks up a number of the theme s in welfare economics that we have discussed above, let us close with a brief discussion of it. As stated by its inventor, George Stigler (1966, p. 113), the Coase Theorem is the proposition that under perfect competition private and social cost will be equal and hence the composition of output will not be bear upon by the manner in which the law assigns indebtedness for damage.This combines two claims in one, the ? rst of which will be familiar to us (1) an ef? ciency claim that perfect competition is always optimal if voluntary bargaining between the affected parties to their mutual advantage is possible at nada transaction be, de? ned as the costs of making deals, negotiating contracts, and policing the enforcement of those contracts (Allen, 2000), and (2) an invariance claim that the ? nal apportionment of resources is invariant to different initial assignments of berth rights provided these are in fact distinctly de? ed. A voluminous literature has shown that both propos itions are either highly combative or else a tautology if perfect competition, perfect schooling and zero 4 In an instructive essay, Richard Nelson (1981 reiterates my charge of schizophrenia and adds to my list of the bene? ts of a private enterprise system of capitalism that of administrative tightness, an echo of Hayeks discussion of the merits of competitive prices as information signals. 46 MARK BLAUG transaction costs are rigorously de? ned (Medema and Zorbe, 2000).Lo and behold, however, Coase has argued ever more vehemently that transaction costs can be trim back by appropriate judicial decisions but that they can never be bring down to zero even under Cournot-type perfect competition. Of course, if we de? ne perfect information as literally foreseeing every alternative opportunity under all possible contingencies, now and in the future, it follows immediately that we can write and enforce contracts at zero costs (zero in ? nancial outlays, in time and even in cognitive effort), in which case only increasing returns to scale will prevent us achieving perfect competition.Once transaction costs are zero and competition is perfect, it follows immediately that the distribution of holding rights cannot matter. In short, the Coase Theorem is just a logical corollary of perfect competition and perfect information but that does little to persuade us that it is much more than a logical theorem. 5 As for the more disputed invariance claim, income and wealth effects in consumption patterns and the strategic behaviour of the hurt and injuring parties as they enter into voluntary bargaining (the old objection to HicksKaldor compensation payments) will certainly make the ? al allocation of resources sensitive to the way in which the law of the moment assigns liability for damage. Are we authentically to believe that my claim against the American tobacco plant Company for giving me lung cancer will be decided in 2002 in exactly the same way it would have be en decided in 1940? Coase (1964, p. 105) said it all 35 years ago reflection of an optimal system may provide techniques of analysis that would otherwise have been lose and, in certain special cases, it may go far to providing a solution.But in general its in? uence has been pernicious. It has enjoin economists attention away from the main question, which is how alternative arrangements will actually work in practice. It has led economists to derive conclusions for economic policy from a study of an abstract of a market situation. Richard Posner, in his in? uential textbook, Economic Analysis of Law (1998), now in its ? fth edition, subsumes Pareto optimality and the Coase Theorem in an ef? ciency logic of wealth maximation.He claims not only that common law, statute law and judge-made law should aid to maximize wealth, so that for example entitlements in property law should be shifted to the more productive litigants as evidenced by their willingness to pay, but that legal ent itlements and hence resources actually tend to gravitate towards their most worth(predicate) use if voluntary exchange is permitted. Without give tongue to so, Posner clearly believes that we can 5 Moreover, as Allen (2000, pp. 904905) argues quite rightly, the famous Modigliani-Miller Theorem of corporate pansy if capital markets are perfect, the value of a ? rm is invariant to its debt- beauteousness ratio and the Ricardo Equivalence Theorem of regime ? nance if capital markets are perfect, the take of household wealth is invariant to the ratio of taxes to the size of the public debt are both special cases of the Coase Theorem because all taxes, debt obligations and fairness shares are simply delineations of property rights in a world of zero transaction costs, both ? rms and governments could decide on debt levels by tossing a coin.IS COMPETITION SUCH A GOOD THING? 47 isolate PPI, divorcing ef? ciency from equity without committing ourselves to ICU, in short, he believes in classic or rather neoclassical Paretian welfare economics. Although he deals at length with distributional issues arising from liability rules and various forms of taxation, he never lays down any general principles about income redistribution, such as, for example, Pigou did any transfer of income from the rich to the poor that does not diminish subject field income was deemed desirable by Pigou.What he argues, when criticized, is simply that users of distributive justice will have to be addressed outside the manakin of standard economic analysis (Parisi, 2000). But this is exactly what Pareto, Kaldor and Hicks said years ago. Orthodox welfare economics, including the ef? ciency of the common law hypothesis upheld by Posner, has simply stood still ever since the 1930s. This notion of a neat disjoint of ef? ciency from equity, of an objective value-free de? nition of ef? iency, has haunted economics from its initiation but it is, of course, a will-o-the-wisp there is in fact a different ef? ciency yield for every different distribution of income, and vice versa. Ef? ciency is necessarily a value-laden term and welfare economics is necessarily normative, that is, a matter of good or bad and not true or false. 6 However, there is real merit in treating ef? ciency and equity questions lexicographically, so that we can be as explicit as possible about our distributional judgements, but that is not because we can ever decisively separate them.My unsoundness about Posner is that he evades all these fundamental questions in applied welfare economics. not only does he fail to tell us how to add equity to ef? ciency but he does not even tell us whether ef? ciency means static ef? ciency or dynamic ef? ciency. There is an almost meditate fuzziness of language in all his writings, which smacks of ideology rather than science. If we are going to employ the economists language of ef? ciency, we ought to be told just how to apply it and why ef? ciency should be o ur standard for judging the consequences of the law. champion of Clarks old rules of workable competition, such that entry into industries should be unplowed as free as is technically feasible taking due circular of sunk costs, if necessary by antitrust legislation, is more relevant for public policy than Posners continual appeal to the principle of wealth maximization. The Chicago school does not deny that there is a case for antitrust law but they doubt that it is a strong case because most markets, even in the presence of high concentration ratios, are contestable (Bork, 1978). How do we know?We know because the good-approximation assumption the economy is never far away from its perfectly competitive equilibrium growth highway Believe it or not, that is all there is to the antitrust revolution of the Chicago School. 6 Some economists believe, extraordinarily enough, that welfare economics is positive and not evaluative at all (see Hennipman, 1992 Blaug, 1992, chap. 8, 1993). 4 8 References MARK BLAUG Allen, Douglas W. (2000) work Costs, in Bouckaert and De Geest, eds. , pp. 893926. Blaug, quarry (1992) The methodological analysis of Economics, 2nd edn. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Blaug, Mark (1993) Pieter Hennipman on Paretian Welfare Economics A Comment, De Economist, 141, 127129. Blaug, Mark (1997) Competition as an End-State and Competition as a Process, in not Only an Economist. Recent Essays. Cheltenham Edward Elgar, pp. 6686. Bork, Robert H. (1978) The just Paradox A Policy at War with Itself. New York Basic Books. 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